Sisiteme mpuzamahanga y'ubwishingizi bw'imodoka
Sisitemu mpuzamahanga y’ubwishingizi bw’imodoka ( International Motor Insurance Card System ) ni gahunda ihuza abayobozi n’imiryango y’ubwishingizi y’ibihugu byinshi kugira ngo abahuye n’i mpanuka zo mu muhanda batababazwa n’uko ibikomere cyangwa ibyangiritse byatewe na bo byatewe n’umumotari wasuye aho kuba umumotari muri igihugu kimwe .
Byongeye kand i, kwagura ubwishingizi bw'ubutaka sisitemu nk'izi zifite inyungu kubamotari kugirango birinde gukenera ubwishingizi kuri buri mipaka y'ibihugu basuye .
Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwu bwishingizi bw'imodoka kwisi, bwashizweho mukarere. Iya mbere yari gahunda ya Green Card yashinzwe muri 1949 mu Burayi, ariko nyuma utundi turere twarayikurikije .
Sisiteme y'ikarita y'icyatsi[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Inama ya Bureaux ( Council of Bureaux, COB ) [1] ikomeza gahunda mpuzamahanga y’amakarita y’ubwishingizi bw’ibinyabiziga muri Burayi no mu Burayi aho icyemezo cyatanzwe kizwi ku izina ry'ikarita y'icyatsi . Muri 1949 sisiteme yashizweho murwego rwa UNECE . Icyiciro cyakurikiyeho Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi na EFTA wabigizemo uruhare kandi bigaragaza ko umubano wimbitse w’ubunyamabanga bwa CoBx wimuwe muri Londres ujya i Buruseli muri 2006. [2]
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku Burayi bwerekanye ko impanuka zigera ku 300.000 ku mwaka zagaragaye mu Burayi na sisitemu y’ikarita y’icyatsi . [3]
Muri 2016, sisitemu yikarita yicyatsi kibara impanuka mpuzamahanga 377.666 mugace ka karita yicyatsi . [4]
Ku nkomoko, ikarita y'icyatsi yagenzuwe igihe yambukaga umupaka. Nyamara, imbere yisoko rimwe ryiburayi ikarita yicyatsi ntigisuzumwa kumupaka wimbere. Ubwishingizi ku binyabiziga bifite moteri buracyari itegeko mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Ibihugu bimwe ( nk'Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi [3] ) byagumanye ikarita y'icyatsi nka gahunda y’ubwishingizi bw’igihugu imbere mu gihugu, ibyo bigatuma ikarita y’icyatsi isabwa muri ibyo bihugu . [5]
Kuba umunyamuryango ntarengwa[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Sisitemu yikarita yicyatsi ni sisitemu y'uburayi . Kugeza ubu ikubiyemo ibihugu byinshi, ariko sibyo bihugu byose byuburayi, ndetse nabamwe mubaturanyi babo, akenshi bihana imbibi ninyanja ya Mediterane . Umwanya wa COB ni uko gahunda y’ikarita y’icyatsi ishobora guhuzwa n’ibihugu mu burengerazuba bwa Urals n’inyanja ya Kaspiya ndetse n’ibihugu bihana imbibi n’inyanja ya Mediterane, ariko iri tegeko ntirikurikizwa cyane kuko Irani na Iraki bigwa hanze y’akarere. nkuko byasobanuwe.
Nkurikije ibyifuzo bya komite nyobozi ya CoBx birasabwa cyane ko imiterere y'imiterere yimiterere yikarita yicyatsi igomba kugarukira gusa mubihugu bikurikira bikurikira, hakurikijwe amategeko y’uburayi na Mediterane: Alijeriya, Libiya, Misiri, Libani, Siriya, Jeworujiya kandi birashoboka ko uzakomeza gusuzuma Arumeniya . Aho kwaguka kurenza ibyo, birasabwa gusuzuma gahunda zubufatanye nizindi gahunda zubwishingizi bwimodoka. [6] Mu mwaka wa 2012 hafashwe umwanzuro wo kongera Qazaqistan ku rutonde rw’abashobora kuba abanyamuryango kubera ko igice cyacyo kiri mu burengerazuba bwa Ural .
Sisiteme y'ikarita y'ubururu[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Sisitemu yubururu yashyizweho hagati yabanyamuryango 10 ba ASEAN kandi irakoreshwa muri Aziya yepfo .
Sisiteme y'amakarita yijimye[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Sisiteme y'amakarita yijimye yashyizweho hagati yabanyamuryango ba CEMAC kandi irakoreshwa muri Afrika yo hagati .
Abitabiriye amahugurwa ni : Kameruni, Repubulika ya Centrafrique, Tchad, Congo, Gabon na Gineya ya Ekwatoriya .
Kanada ikoresha kandi ikarita yijimye, izwi cyane ku izina rya Intara Kanada , yemerwa mu ntara zose n’intara za Kanada ndetse no muri Amerika.
Sisiteme yikarita yumukara[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Sisitemu yikarita ya Brown yashyizweho hagati yabanyamuryango benshi ba ECOWAS kandi irakoreshwa muri Afrika yuburengerazuba .
Abitabiriye amahugurwa ni: Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambiya, Gana, Gineya, Gineya-Bissau, kote divuwari, Liberiya, Mali, Niger, Nijeriya, Senegali, Siyera Lewone na Togo .
Umunyamuryango wa ECOWAS utitabira ni Cabo Verde .
Sisitemu y'ikarita y'umuhondo[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Sisitemu yikarita yumuhondo yashyizweho hagati yabanyamuryango benshi ba COMESA kandi ikoreshwa cyane cyane muri Afurika y'uburasirazuba .
Abitabiriye amahugurwa ni : Uburundi, DR Congo, Djibouti, Eritereya, Etiyopiya, Kenya, Malawi, u Rwanda, Sudani, Tanzaniya, Uganda, Zambiya na Zimbabwe .
Abanyamuryango ba COMESA batitabira ni: Comoros, Misiri (umunyamuryango w'ikarita ya Orange), Eswatini, Libiya (umunyamuryango w'amakarita ya Orange), Madagasikari, Maurice, Seychelles, Somaliya (umunyamuryango w'ikarita ya Orange), na Tuniziya (Umunyamuryango w'ikarita ya Green na Orange).
Sisiteme y'amakarita yera[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Hariho icyifuzo cyo gushyiraho sisitemu yamakarita yera hagati yabanyamuryango ba ECO, niba sisitemu ya Green Card sisitemu yubutaka idashobora kwagurwa ngo ishyiremo bose .
Abitabiriye amahugurwa ni: Afuganisitani, Azaribayijan (Umunyamuryango w’ikarita y’icyatsi), Irani (umunyamuryango w’ikarita y’icyatsi), Kazakisitani (umukandida w’ikarita y’icyatsi), Kirigizisitani (umunyamuryango wa UNECE), Pakisitani, Tajigistan (umunyamuryango wa UNECE), Turukiya (umunyamuryango w’ikarita ya Green), Turukimenisitani ( Umunyamuryango wa UNECE), Uzubekisitani (umunyamuryango wa UNECE) .
Reba kandi[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
- Ikarita yicyatsi ( disambiguation ) - kubindi bikoreshwa byijambo, usibye icyemezo cy'ubwishingizi bw'imodoka
Inyandiko[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Reba[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
- ↑ "History of the CoB | Council of Bureaux". www.cobx.org. Archived from the original on 2022-07-23. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
- ↑ "CoBx history, 2006". Cobx.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "House of Lords - European Union - Minutes of Evidence". publications.parliament.uk.
- ↑ "Stats" (PDF). www.nbi-ngf.ch. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
- ↑ "About the CoB". Archived from the original on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ↑ "CoBx news, Issue No. 31 (May 2010)". Cobx.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-06-09.