Kwangirika kw'ibidukikije(Environmental degradation)
Kwangirika kw'ibidukikije ni kwangirika kw'ibidukikije binyuze mu gutakaza umutungo nk'ubwiza bw'umwuka, amazi n'ubutaka ; gusenya urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima ; gusenya aho gutura ; kuzimangana kw'inyamanswa ; n'umwanda . Irasobanuwe nkimpinduka zose cyangwa guhungabanya ibidukikije bigaragara ko bisibwe cyangwa bitifuzwa. [1]
Ibibazo by’ibidukikije birashobora gusobanurwa nkingaruka mbi zibikorwa byose byabantu kubidukikije. Ibinyabuzima kimwe nibintu bifatika biranga ibidukikije birimo. Zimwe mu mbogamizi zibanze z’ibidukikije zitera impungenge zikomeye ni ihumana ry’ikirere, ihumana ry’amazi, ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, umwanda w’imyanda, n’ibindi. [2]
Kwangirika kw'ibidukikije ni kimwe mu bintu icumi byugarijwe ku mugaragaro n'Inama Nkuru yo ku iterabwoba, imbogamizi n'impinduka z'umuryango w'abibumbye . Ingamba z’umuryango w’abibumbye zigamije kugabanya ibiza zisobanura ko kwangirika kw’ibidukikije ari "kugabanya ubushobozi bw’ibidukikije kugira ngo intego z’imibereho n’ibidukikije zikenewe,". [3] Kwangiza ibidukikije biza muburyo bwinshi. Iyo ahantu nyaburanga hasenyutse cyangwa umutungo kamere ukabura, ibidukikije birangirika. Imbaraga zo guhangana niki kibazo zirimo kurengera ibidukikije no gucunga umutungo w’ibidukikije . Imicungire mibi iganisha ku kwangirika irashobora kandi guteza amakimbirane ashingiye ku bidukikije aho abaturage bateranira kurwanya ingufu zacungaga ibidukikije.
Gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Abahanga bavuga ko ibikorwa byabantu byasunitse isi mubintu bya gatandatu byazimye . [4] [5] Gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byatewe cyane cyane n'ubwinshi bw'abantu, ubwiyongere bw'abaturage bw'abantu ndetse no gukoresha umutungo kamere ku bakire ku isi. [6] [7] Raporo yo mu mwaka wa 2020 n’ikigega cy’isi cyita ku nyamaswa yasanze ibikorwa by’abantu - cyane cyane gukabya gukabya, ubwiyongere bw’abaturage no guhinga cyane - byangije 68% by’inyamaswa z’inyamabere kuva mu 1970. [8] Raporo y’isuzumabumenyi ku isi ku bijyanye n’ibinyabuzima na serivisi z’ibinyabuzima, yasohowe na IPBES y’umuryango w’abibumbye mu 2019, igaragaza ko amoko agera kuri miliyoni y’ibimera n’inyamaswa ahura n’impamvu ziterwa na antropogeneque, nko kwagura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka bw’abantu mu buhinzi bw’inganda no korora amatungo, hamwe kuroba . [9] [10] [11]
Kuva hashyirwaho ubuhinzi mu myaka isaga 11.000 ishize, abantu bahinduye hafi 70% byubutaka bwisi, aho biyomasi y’ibimera ku isi yagabanutseho kimwe cya kabiri, naho imiryango y’inyamaswa zo ku isi ibona igabanuka ry’ibinyabuzima birenga 20% ugereranyije. [12] [13] Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2021 buvuga ko 3% gusa by’ubuso bw’isi ku isi bidukikije kandi bidahwitse, bivuze ko ahantu hatuwe n’abaturage bafite ubuzima bwiza bw’inyamanswa kavukire kandi nta na hamwe abantu bafite. Byinshi muribi bidukikije bidahwitse byari mubice bituwe nabasangwabutaka. [14] [15]
ngaruka zibi bihombo kubuzima bwabantu n'imibereho myiza byateje impungenge zikomeye. Ku bijyanye n’urwego rw’ubuhinzi urugero, Leta y’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye ku isi ku biribwa n’ubuhinzi, byashyizwe ahagaragara n’umuryango w’ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi by’umuryango w’abibumbye mu mwaka wa 2019, [16] igira iti: “ibihugu bivuga ko amoko menshi agira uruhare runini mu bidukikije. serivisi, zirimo umwanda, abanzi karemano b’udukoko, ibinyabuzima by’ubutaka n’ibinyabuzima by’ibiribwa byo mu gasozi, biragenda bigabanuka bitewe n’irimbuka n’iyangirika ry’imiturire, gukoresha cyane, umwanda n’iterabwoba ”kandi ngo“ urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rutanga serivisi nyinshi zingenzi kuri ibiribwa n'ubuhinzi, harimo gutanga amazi meza, kwirinda ingaruka no gutanga aho gutura ku moko nk'amafi n'ibyangiza, bigenda bigabanuka. ” [17]
Referances[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
- ↑ Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 581–589.
- ↑ Types of Environmental Issues
- ↑ "ISDR : Terminology". The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity
- ↑ http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm+et+al.+2014.pdf
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544311
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/10/humans-exploiting-and-destroying-nature-on-unprecedented-scale-report-aoe
- ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/biodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html
- ↑ https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nature-destruction-climate-change-world-biodiversity_n_5c49e78ce4b06ba6d3bb2d44
- ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2020.615419
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fffgc.2021.626635
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/15/just-3-of-worlds-ecosystems-remain-intact-study-suggests
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fffgc.2021.626635
- ↑ http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/ca3129en.pdf
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20191004065605/http://www.fao.org/3/ca3229en/ca3229en.pdf