Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994

Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994, Itsembabwoko ryakorewe AbatutsiIt^[1], Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994 ryari iyicwa ry'Abatutsi ndetse nabamwe m'Abahutu banze kwifatanya n'abandi mu bwicanyi bwakorerwaga Abatutsi. Mu minsi ijana gusa yahitanye Abatutsi Barenga Miliyoni (1.000.000+) Ir'itsembabwoko mu buryo bweruye ryatangiye kuva itariki ya 06 Mata 1994 kugeza Nyakanga 1994. Mu masaha y' mugoroba, ubwo indege yaritwaye uwari umukuru w'igihugu Perezida Habyarimana Yuvenari yaraswaga n'abantu bataramenyekana, ingabo nyinshi zatangiye kwica Abatutsi. Minisitiri w'Intebe, Agathe Uwilingiyimana ari mubiswe mbere kubera kutemeranya n'umugambi wo gutsembatsemba . Benshi batangiwe kwicwa,abandi batangira guhungira mu bice bari bazi bazaboneramo ubwihisho nko mu nsengero,mu mashuri na mu mavuriro ariko biba ibyubusa kuko interahamwe zatangiye kubicira aho hantu. Abatutsi biswe 'inyenzi'. Mirisiya imwe yari Interahamwe, kandi indi yari Impuzamugambi. Nyamara, abantu benshi ntibari mu mirisiya bica inshuti n'abaturanyi babo. Kw'itariki ya 04 Nyakanga 1994, Inkotanyi bageze i Kigali. Abantu gahumbagiza bicwa.

Uyu munsi, Kagame Pawuro,muyobozi w'Inkotanyi,

Ijambo genocide rimaze imyaka 62. Ryahimbwe mu 1994 na Raphael Lemkin, Umuyahudi w’Umunya pologne w’inzobere mu by’amategeko wari warimukiye muri Amerika. Yari arimo agerageza kwerekana igerageza ry’abanazi bo mu Budage ryari rimariye ku icumu abayahudi n’abanyarumaniya i burayi. Icyi gisobanuro rero cyemejwe neza imyaka ine nyuma n’Umuryango w’abibumbye muri “Convention yo gukumira no guhana icyaha cya genocide yo mu w’1948” ikaba yariswe convention ya Genocide. ^[2]

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi muri College Saint André i Nyamirambo

Mu Murenge wa Nyamirambo mu kigo cy’ishuri rya St André no muri Kiliziya yitiriwe Mutagatifu Karoli Lwanga hiciwe Abatutsi benshi bari bahahungiye baturuka za Butamwa, Nyamirambo (Kivugiza, Mumena), Nyakabanda, Rwezamenyo, Kabusunzu, Nyarugenge (Biryogo). Bamwe muri bo bagiye mu Kiliziya abandi bajya muri St André, abandi bajya mu kigo cy’abafurere cya St Joseph kiri i Nyamirambo.

Muri Kiliziya ya Karoli Lwanga hiciwe Abatutsi bake ugereranyije n’abiciwe muri St André nubwo na bo bari bake ugereranyije n’abiciwe mu kigo cya St Joseph kuko abari aho hose bavuzwe haruguru bumvaga amakuru y’uko St Joseph hari benshi kandi abihayimana babafashe neza nta wabakoraho bose bagahita bagerageza kuba ari ho bajya.

Nyuma yo kwica abari bahungiye muri St André no muri Karoli Lwanga, bagiye kwica abari muri St Joseph kugeza n’aho bishemo bamwe mu bafurere bari banze ko abo Batutsi bicwa.

Abaharokokeye bahamya ko Abatutsi bari bahahungiye barengaga 2,000 kuko na nyuma yo kubica imirambo yari myinshi cyane igerekeranye.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi i Kanyinya, Komini Nyarugenge

Mu 1994 ku Murenge wa Kanyinya Abatutsi benshi baho n’abahahungiye baturukaga mu Murenge wa Jali, Akarere ka Gasabo bahungiye ku Murenge wa Kanyinya. Uwari konseye Nzabamwita Joseph abasaba ko babwira n’abandi bataricwa bakaza kugira ngo babarindire umutekano.

Ku wa 13 Mata 1994, abicanyi bamaze kubona ko nta bandi batutsi basigaye, konseye yababwiye ko agiye kubazanira abajandarume bakabashakira aho babashyira ababeshya ko ari ukugira ngo bacungirwe umutekano. Baraza bababwira ko babajyanye ahitwa i Kana mu gakombe kari hagati y’imisozi bakabarindiramo kuko nta nterahamwe yahamenya.

Barabashoreye babagejejeyo barahabasiga bababwira ko bagiye kubashakira ibyo kurya. Bigeze ku mugoroba babazanira interahamwe zirabatemagura ijoro ryose abasirikare bajya hejuru y’umusozi kureba ko hari ubasha kubacika kugira ngo bamurase.

Barabishe bose harokoka abana bagera muri bane bari kumwe n’imirambo y’ababyeyi babo bahindutse amaraso bakagira ngo bapfuye.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi ku Kiliziya ya Gishaka, i Bumbogo na Kigali

Mu Murenge wa Bumbogo mu Kagari ka Nkuzuzu hari Abatutsi benshi bari bahatuye mbere ya Jenoside. Mu gitondo cyo ku wa 07 Mata 1994 Interahamwe zabyutse zivuza amafirimbi yo gutangira kubica bariyegeranya bishyira hamwe ku gasozi ka Nkuzuzu.

Bakoresheje amabuye, amacumu n’imiheto. Izo nterahamwe zabicaga zarimo abitwa Nyundo, Vianney, Rubanguza, Karangwa, Gashumba, Rwiyamirira Michel, Habarurema, Emile, Ruhamanya na Rwabuhihi.

Barwanye na bo kuva ku wa 7 Mata 1994 nimugoroba, interahamwe zibonye ko zigiye kuneshwa ku wa 12 Mata 1994 nimugoroba zihuruza abasirikare ba Habyarimana kuwa 13 Mata 1994 babarasira kubamara ari na yo tariki yabaye mbi cyane mu mateka yabo.

Ababashije kuharokokera uwo munsi bahungiye kuri Paruwasi ya Gishaka, bagezeyo bahasanze umupadiri w’umuzungu witwaga Michel abasangisha abandi bari bahungiye mu kiliziya bari baturutse Rutunga, Rubungo, Nduba na Jurwe muri Ndera.

Padiri atangira kubashakira ibibatunga no kubasengera kuva mu ijoro ryo kuwa 13/04/1994. Bigeze kuwa 14/04/1994 interahamwe zirabatera zarimo abapolisi ba Komine Gikomero bitwaga: Nyarwaya Michel wari Burigadiye wa Komine Gikomero, Rubanguka Mathias wari umucungamutungo wa Komini Gikomero, Rusatsi wari umuganga ku Kigo Nderabuzima cya Gishaka n’interahamwe yari ikomeye cyane yitwaga Sevara.

Aba bose bakaba barafatanyaga na Burugumesitiri Rutaganira Telesifori wa Komini Gikomero n’abapolisi ba Komini Gikomero.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi kuri Paruwasi gatolika ya Musha, Kigali

Ku wa 12-13 /04/1994 Paruwasi ya Kiliziya Gatolika ya Musha hiciweho Abatutsi basaga 8,000 ubwo uwari Burugumesitiri wa Komini Gikoro Bisengimana Paul, Mukemba wari Umushoferi wa Komini na Makombe wari umukangurambaga w’urubyiruko bari ku isonga mu bwicanyi bwahabereye. Komini Gikoro yari iyobowe na Burugumesitiri Bisengimana kuva mu 1981.

Paul Bisengimana yayoboye interahamwe zibanza gukorera abakobwa n’abagore ibikorwa by’urukozasoni imbere y’ababyeyi babo, hari n’abo bajyanye mu byobo byacukurwagamo amabuye nyuma y’ibyo bikorwa bakanabiciramo.

Paul Bisengimana ufite umugore n’abana icumi yaburaniye mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) yemera ibyaha by’ubwicanyi yakoze, akatirwa igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi ku Muhororo, Kibirira muri Ngororero

Mu cyari Komini Kibirira, Jenoside yabanje kugeragezwa mbere ya Mata 1994 cyane cyane mu 1992 nyuma y’imbwirwaruhame ya Dr Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya muri mitingi y’ishyaka rya MNRD aho abenshi bishwe harimo n’abo mu Makomini ya Ramba na Gaseke muri Ndaro.

Na mbere y’ijambo ryo ku Kabaya, muri Kibirira habaye ubwicanyi hagati ya tariki ya 11 na 13/10/1990 hicwa Abatutsi benshi, barongera muri Mutarama 1993, muri Komini Giciye, Satinskyi, Ramba, Kanama, Kayove na Kibirira mu yahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gisenyi.

Hari n’abaroshywe mu mugezi wa Nyabarongo ahitwa ku Cyome i Gatumba, abiciwe i Kibirira ku bitaro bya Muhororo harimo abarwayi, abarwaza n’abaganga n’abandi bakozi bo mu bitaro, abiciwe ku kiliziya ya Muhororo no ku icumbi ry’abihayimana harimo ababikira n’abapadiri.

Abatutsi ba Kibirira kandi bamwe bafungiwe mu yari IGA (Ikigo gihugura abaturage) Gatumba iri hafi y’ahari icyicaro cy’Umurenge wa Gatumba, bashaka kubatwikiramo ariko Abatutsi bamena ikirahuri baca mu kadirishya gato barahunga.

Inama zitegura ubwicanyi zaberaga mu biro bya za Komini Ramba na Kibirira, ku biro by’amashyaka MRND, CDR na MDR no ku biro bya “Inspecteur d’arrondissement” n’ahandi mu ngo z’abari abategetsi icyo gihe, hafi y’ahahoze Komini Kibirira, hari akabari “Bar Ituze” ka Abishuka Charles kari i Gatumba, akabari k’uwitwaga Rwanyagatare.

Ku Kiliziya ya Muhororo hiciwe ababikira n’abapadiri batandukanye nubwo abihayimana bo mu muryango w’Abenebikira yo ku Muhororo bo babanje kwirwanaho ariko nyuma baganzwa n’amasasu y’imbunda zazanywe n’uwari burigadiye wa Komini Kibirira witwaga Mutabaruka alias Libenge n’izatanzwe na Hondero, Rwanyagatare na Dusabemungu bari batuye muri centre ya Rusumo/Gatumba.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi kuri Kiliziya gatolika ya Rukara, Kayonza

Ku kiliziya ya Paruwasi gatolika ya Rukara, hafi y’i Gahini, hahungiye Abatutsi benshi baturutse ahantu hatandukanye. Ku ikubitiro hishwe Abatutsi 12 bari bagiye kurwana n’interahamwe ngo zireke kubatwarira inka zabo kuko bari bazihunganye.

Hamaze kwicwa abo nibwo n’ibyo bahunganye byose byatwawe, abandi nabo bahita bicwa ku wa 13/04/1994. Ubwicanyi bwayobowe ba Burugumesitiri wa komini Rukara Mpambara Jean, ndetse n’Interahamwe zari ziturutse Murambi ziyobowe na Gatete Jean Baptiste.

Nubwo Jean Mpambara yagizwe umwere n’urukiko mpuzamahanga rwa Arusha, abacitse ku icumu bemeza ko yari ku isonga ry’ubwicanyi akaba yarakoranaga bya hafi na Minisitiri Justin Mugenzi na we ukomoka i Gahini. Mpambara yanabonetse mu Bufaransa aho aba ashinjura Ngenzi Octavien na Tito Barahira bayoboye jenoside i Kabarondo bakaba barakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n’Urukiko rw’i Paris mu Bufransa.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi i Ruharambuga, Nyamasheke

Interahamwe za Rukoma ziyobowe na Gasarasi Wellars ku wa 13/04/1994 zagose Abatutsi baho barenga 60 zibahuriza kwa Nyirandimubenshi Asterie, zirahabicira.

Nyuma yo kwica aba Batutsi, Gasarasi yahuje interahamwe zari zimaze kubica arazishimira ku bw’igikorwa bakoze ababwira ko ibyabo abibahaye kandi bakwiye gukomeza guhiga Umututsi aho ava akagera.

Na none mu cyahoze ari Segiteri Ruharambuga ya 1 muri Serire ya Kigabiro hafashwe abana 41 n’abagabo babiri bakuye iwabo babeshya ababyeyi ko babahungishije, abandi babakuye mu ngo ku gahato, babajyana mu cyobo cyari cyaracukuwe n’abahutu mu mwaka wa 1992 ku ishyamba rya Sarabuye bakabatamo ari bazima. Nyuma yaho bazana ibishangara byinshi babatwikira muri cya cyobo bari babajugunyemo ari bazima, bagerekaho amabuye ngo n’utarashiramo umwuka yicwe n’amabuye.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi i Nyakanyinya, Mururu, Rusizi

Mu Murenge wa Mururu, ahitwa Nyakanyinya, kuwa 13/04/1994 hakozwe ibarura ry’Abatutsi bari bamaze guhungira i Nyakanyinya, rikaba ryarakozwe na Patrice mwene Gatukura. Icyo gihe hari hamaze kugera Abatutsi nka 800, inka zabo zatwawe na Konseye Harerimana Jean Bosco, Sendege n’izindi nterahamwe.

Haje igitero cy’interahamwe nyinshi zari zivuye i Mururu, Nyakanyinya, Miko n’Abajandarume bari baturutsi i Gihundwe bahurira ahitwa Hangari baza kwica i Nyakanyinya. Barahageze batangira kwica n’ubugome bwinshi bakoresheje gerenade, imbunda n’intwaro gakondo kuko interahamwe zari zamaze kugota Abatutsi bari bahahungiye kandi zari nyinshi, bamaze kubambura intwaro bari baje bitwaje, mbese byari bikomeye.

Nyuma abagore n’abana bahungiye mu mashuri no mu rusengero rwari ruhari, interahamwe zirurira zikuraho amategura zikata umuriro mu nzu kugira ngo Abatutsi bari bihishe mu nzu basohoke babone uko babica. Babonye badasohoka nk’uko babishakaga nibwo bazanye umuzinga w’inzuki bawubaturamo noneho bakwira imishwaro barabica.

Abandi barimo abagore n’abana babatwikira mu rusengero. Aha hakoreshejwe iyicarubozo ribi cyane kuko interahamwe zaricaga zigasubira inyuma zigasambanya imirambo y’abakobwa b’Abatutsikazi. Urugero: Umwarimukazi witwaga Thacienne bamwishe nabi barangije bamujyaho baramusambanya ngo akiri muzima yari yarabimye.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi i Kirinda, Karongi

Kirinda iherereye mu cyahoze ari Komine Bwakira muri Perefegitura ya Kibuye ubu ni mu Murenge wa Murambi mu Karere ka Karongi. Hari hubatse ibitaro n‘icyicaro cy’Itorero rya EPR. Mu gihe cya Jenoside Burugumesitiri wa Bwakira yitwaga Kabasha Tharcisse.

Muri Jenoside, Abatutsi benshi bahungiye mu ishuri ryisumbuye, abandi bahungiye mu Bitaro. Bijejwe gucungirwa umutekano ariko nyuma yaho baje kwicwa ndetse imirambo yabo bakajya kuyijugunya mu mugezi wa Nyabarongo.

Umwe mu bari bayoboye Interahamwe zabishe yitwaga Nyiringabo Amani afatanyije by’umwihariko n’umucuruzi witwaga Semirindi Moïse wagize uruhare rukomeye mu kugura imihoro yo kwica Abatutsi ndetse n’imodoka ye yarifashishijwe cyane mu gutwara imirambo kuyijugunya mu mugezi wa Nyabarongo.

I Kirinda hazwiho by’umwihariko bariyeri yitwaga “intebe y’urupfu” naho hiciwe Abatutsi benshi.

Jenoside kandi i Kirinda yahuriranye n’inama y’Itorero rya EPR ku rwego rw’Igihugu yari ihateraniye, bamwe mu ba Pasitori bari bitabiriye inama barishwe hamwe n’imiryango yabo, uwari Umuyobozi wa EPR ku rwego rw’igihugu, Pasitori Twagirayesu Michel yagize uruhare rukomeye mu kubicisha.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi muri Chapelle ya Gitwa, Rutsiro

Chapelle Gatulika ya Gitwa yahungiyemo ndetse yiciwemo Abatutsi benshi mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Mbere hitwaga mu Gitwa ariko nyuma haje kwitwa i Nyamagumba mu cyahoze ari Cellule Bugina, Segiteri Kibingo, Komine Mabanza muri Perefegitura ya Kibuye. Iyo Chapelle yari ishamikiye kuri Paruwasi Gatulika ya Congo Nil yari iyobowe n’umupadiri w’umufaransa witwa Maindron Gabriel na we wagize uruhare muri Jenoside.

Mu Gitwa hari hatuye Abatutsi benshi b’abagatulika ari nayo mpamvu nyamukuru bahungiye kuri Chapelle ya Gitwa bari bizeye kuzaharokokera ariko si ko byagenze. Ikindi ni uko hari mu mpinga y’umusozi ku buryo bumvaga byabafasha kureba neza ibitero no kwirwanaho bibaye ngombwa. Abatutsi bahungiye kuri Chapelle ya Gitwa bari baturutse mu bice bitandukanye birimo mu Gitwa nyirizina, Selire za Gitarama, Buhoro, Ruhingo, Kabiraho zo muri Komine Mabanza n’ahandi.

Kuwa 11/04/1994 kugeza 13/04/1994 nibwo ibitero byagabwe kuri Chapelle ya Gitwa ndetse uwari Burugumesitiri wa Komine Mabanza Bagirishema Ignace yagiyeyo agezeyo abaza aho Abatutsi bahungiye bamubwira ko bagiye kuri Chapelle ya Gitwa “aravuga ngo bahungiye mu mpinga y’umusozi wa Nyamagumba“ kubera umusozi wari mu Ruhengeri naho biciraga Abatutsi benshi guhera 1,959 na nyuma yaho.

Uko niko hahise hitwa i Nyamagumba ku buryo n’uyu munsi hari abakihita gutyo. Ubuhamya buvuga ko muri Jenoside hiciwe Abatutsi barenga 9,304 bakaba bose bashyinguye mu Rwibutso rwa Jenoside rwahubatswe.

Abatangabuhamya bakomeje guhamya ko Burugumesitiri Bagirishema yagize uruhare rukomeye mu kubicisha, nubwo yaje guhanagurwaho icyaha n’urukiko rwa TPIR. Abandi bagize uruhare mu kwica Abatutsi i Gitwa harimo uwari Brigadier Rwamakuba Emmanuel, Hakizimana Deo wari Umunyamabanga wa Komine Mabanza, Benimana Raphaël wari Burugumesitiri wa Komine Rutsiro, Maburakindi Isidore wari Burugumesitiri wa Komine Kayove n’abandi.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi ku mashuri abanza ya Mbogo, Kinyamakara, Gikongoro Kuri Komine Kinyamakara, ku mashuri ya Mbogo n’umusozi wose wa Mbogo muri rusange. Ku wa 13/4/94 hakusanyirijwe Abatutsi benshi b’iyari komine Kinyamakara n’abari bavuye Gikongoro mu mugi n’ahandi barahicirwa. Komini Kinyamakara yayoborwaga na Burugumesitiri Munyaneza Charles.

Niwe wagiye guhuruza abasirikare n’abajandarume barimo Colonel Simba Aloys barabarasa bafatanyije n’interahamwe zari zitwaje imihoro, ubuhiri na n’ibyuma byo gutema ibyatsi, byose bishyashya n’udufuni. Kuri 13/04/1994 hishwe Abatutsi bagera ku 3,000. Abari ku isonga mu bwicanyi ni Mugemana wari Brigadier, Munyakanyinya yari OPJ, Gasasira Alphonse yari ashinzwe urubyiruko, Gasirabo Jonathan yari umwarimu mu mashuri abanza, n’abandi.

Iyicwa ry’Abatutsi ahiswe kuri "escalier", Muhima, Nyarugenge, n’i Nkomangwa ya Kayonza

Kuva tariki ya 13 kugeza tariki 14/04/1994 abantu b’igice kimwe cya Muhima munsi y’ahahoze gereza ya Nyarugenge, ahitwa mu Mudugudu w’Umwezi mu cyahoze ari Serire Ruhurura, hari interahamwe n’abasirikare bakusanyaga Abatutsi muri icyo gice bakabamanura babajyana ahiswe kuri “Escariye” bakazibamanuraho babatemagura, babahonda imitwe mu muhanda wa kaburimbo, abandi bakabarasa.

Aho hantu hiciwe Abatutsi benshi kuko kuri uwo muhanda bari bahashyize na bariyeri itega abanyura muri kaburimbo na bo bakahicirwa bakabarunda mu muhanda. Kugeza ubu ikibabaza abafitanye isano n’abiciwe aha hantu ni uko iyo mirambo batazi aho yajyanywe ngo bayishyingure mu cyubahiro.

Zimwe mu nterahamwe zagize uruhare mu kwica aba bantu zabashije kumenyekana: Ndemeye Nicodemu wari umukuru wazo, Gashayija Etienne, Charles, Rurangirwa Jean Paul wakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n’inkiko Gacaca, akaba afungiye muri gereza ya Mageragere n’abandi.

Mu Kagari ka Nkomangwa, mu Murenge wa Kayonza, ku wa 13-14/04/1994 hajugunywemo Abatutsi benshi cyane banabwira abana bari bakiri bato ngo nibaze babajyane ku mashuri kandi babajyanye muri Muhazi.

Bivugwa ko haguye abari hejuru ya 136 bo mu Murenge wa Munyiginya n’abandi batazwi umubare bari baturutse imihanda yose.

Amafilimi ya sinema

Hotel Rwanda

Ibitabo

AFRICAN RIGHTS, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance (Revised Edition), London: African Rights, 1995. (mu Cyongereza)
AFRICAN RIGHTS, Rwanda: Not So Innocent – When Women Become Killers, London: African Rights, 1995. (mu Cyongereza)
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, Rwanda: Government Supporters and Regular Troops Have Committed Massacres all over the Country, London: Amnesty International, May, 1994. (mu Cyongereza)
ANYIDOHO, Henry Kwami, Guns Over Kigali – The Rwandese Civil War – 1994: A Personal Account, Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 1998. (mu Cyongereza)
BERRY, John A. and Carol Pott Berry (eds.), Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory, Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1999. (mu Cyongereza)
DESTEXHE, A., Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, London and New Haven, Connecticut: Pluto Press, 1995. (mu Cyongereza)
GATWA, Tharcisse, The Churches and Ethnic Ideology in the Rwandan Crises 1900 – 1994, Milton Keynes, UK: Regnum Books International and Paternoster, 2005. (mu Cyongereza)
GOUREVITCH, Philip, We Wish to Inform you that Tomorrow we Will be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda, London: Picador, 1999. (mu Cyongereza)
GUILLEBAUD, Meg, Rwanda: The Land God Forgot? – Revival, Genocide & Hope, Mill Hills; London and Grand Rapids, Michigan: Monarch Books, 2002. (mu Cyongereza)
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, Rwanda/Zaire: Rearming with Impunity – International Support for Perpetrators of Rwandese Genocide, New York, Human Rights Watch, May, 1995. (mu Cyongereza)
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, The Aftermath of Genocide in Rwanda: Absence of Prosecution, Continued Killings, New York: Human Rights Watch, September, 1994. (mu Cyongereza)
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/AFRICA, Genocide in Rwanda (Volume 6 No. 4), New York: Human Rights Watch, April/May, 1994. (mu Cyongereza)
INTERNATIONAL PANEL OF EMINENT PERSONALITIES and ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY, Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide, Addis Ababa: Organisation of African Unity, 2000. (mu Cyongereza)
JENNINGS, Christian, Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi and the Heart of Darkness, London: Phoenix, 2000. (mu Cyongereza)
KEENE, F., Season of Blood: A Rwandan Journey, London: Viking, 1995. (mu Cyongereza)
MAMDANI, Mahmood, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Kampala and Dar es Salaam: Fountain Publishers Ltd., and E & D Limited, 2001. (mu Cyongereza)
PRUNIER, Gerard, The Rwanda Crisis: History of Genocide, Kampala: Fountain Publishers Ltd., 2001. (mu Cyongereza)
RUDASINGWA, Theogene, Rwanda: Background to Genocide, Oxford and London: Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), 1994. (mu Cyongereza)
SELLSTOM, T. and L. Wohlgemuth, The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, 1997. (mu Cyongereza)
SEMUJANGA, Josias, Origins of Rwanda Genocide, New York: Humanity Books, 2003. (mu Cyongereza)

Notes

↑ "Ishami Rishinzwe Uburere Mboneragihugu, Ukwakire, 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2010-12-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
↑ Ugushakisha Ukuri n’Ubumuntu, Kituo Cha Katiba, Nyakanga, 2004 – Gashyantare, 2006

Imiyoboro

[1] "Ishami Rishinzwe Uburere Mboneragihugu, Ukwakire, 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2010-12-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[2] Ugushakisha Ukuri n’Ubumuntu, Kituo Cha Katiba, Nyakanga, 2004 – Gashyantare, 2006

[1]

[2]