Banki y'Isi
Banki y'isi ni kigo mpuzamahanga cy'imari gitanga inguzanyo n'inkunga kuri guverinoma z'ibihugu bikennye kandi biciriritse hagamijwe gukurikirana imishinga y'ishoramari. [1] Banki y'isi ni izina rusange rya Banki mpuzamahanga ishinzwe iyubaka n'iterambere izwi IBRD) n'ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga rishinzwe iterambere ( izwi IDA), imiryango ibiri mu miryango itanu iri mpuzamahanga ifitwe n'itsinda rya Banki y'Isi . Yashinzwe hamwe n’ikigega mpuzamahanga cy’imari mu nama ya Bretton Woods yo muri 1944. Nyuma yo gutangira buhoro, inguzanyo yayo ya mbere yari iy'Ubufaransa muri 1947. Mu myaka ya za mirongo 70, yibanze ku nguzanyo ku bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, biva kuri ubwo butumwa mu myaka ya za mirongo 1980. Mu myaka 30 ishize, yashyizemo imiryango itegamiye kuri leta n’amatsinda y’ibidukikije mu nshingano z’inguzanyo. Ingamba z’inguzanyo ziterwa n’intego z’umuryango w’abibumbye urebye zigamije iterambere rirambye, ndetse n’ibidukikije ndetse n’imibereho myiza.
Itsinda rya Banki y'Isi[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Itsinda rya Banki y'Isi ni umuryango mugari w’i miryango itanu iri mpuzamahanga, n’umuryango w’ababyeyi wa Banki yisi, izina rusange ryahawe imiryango ibiri ya mbere yashyizwe ku rutonde, ni IBRD na IDA:
- Banki mpuzamahanga yo kwiyubaka no kwiteza imbere (IBRD)
- Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryiterambere (IDA)
- Isosiyete mpuzamahanga ishinzwe imari (IFC)
- Ikigo gishinzwe ingwate mu ishoramari (MIGA)
- Ikigo mpuzamahanga cyo gukemura amakimbirane ashoramari (ICSID)
Amateka[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Banki y'isi yashinzwe mu nama yo muri Bretton Woods yo muri 1944, hamwe n'ikigega mpuzamahanga cy'imari (IMF). Perezida wa Banki y'Isi asanzwe ari Umunyamerika . [3] Banki y'isi hamwe na IMF byombi bifite icyicaro i Washington, DC, kandi bigakorana cyane.
Nubwo ibihugu byinshi byari bihagarariwe mu nama ya Bretton Woods, Amerika n’Ubwongereza nibyo bikomeye byitabiriye kandi byari byiganje mu mishyikirano. : 52–54 Icyari kigamijwe gushingwa Banki y'Isi kwari ugutanga inguzanyo z'agateganyo mu bihugu bikennye bidashobora kubona inguzanyo mu bucuruzi. [4] Banki irashobora kandi gutanga inguzanyo no gusaba ivugurura rya politiki kubahawe. [4]
COVID-19 Icyorezo[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Muri Nzeri 2020 hari cyorezo cya COVID-19, Banki y'Isi yatangaje muri gahunda ya miliyari 12 z'amadolari yo guha ibihugu byinjiza amafaranga make kandi yo hagati y'urukingo rumaze kwemezwa. Muri Kamena 2022, banki yatangaje ko miliyari 10.1 z'amadorali y'amerika, zatanzwe mu guha ibihugu 78 urukingo. [5]
| Izina | Amatariki | Ubwenegihugu |
|---|---|---|
| Hollis B. Chenery | 1972–1982 | Leta zunz'ubumwe |
| Anne Osborn Krueger | 1982–1986 | Leta zunz'ubumwe |
| Stanley Fischer | 1988–1990 | Amerika na Isiraheli |
| Lawrence Summers | 1991–1993 | Leta zunz'ubumwe |
| Michael Bruno | 1993–1996 | Isiraheli |
| Joseph E. Stiglitz | 1997–2000 | Leta zunz'ubumwe |
| Nicholas Stern | 2000–2003 | Ubwongereza |
| François Bourguignon | 2003–2007 | Ubufaransa |
| Justin Yifu Lin | 2008–2012 | Ubushinwa |
| Kaushik Basu | 2012–2016 | Ubuhinde |
| Paul Romer | 2016–2018 | Leta zunz'ubumwe |
| Shanta Devarajan (Umukinnyi) | 2018–2018 | Leta zunz'ubumwe |
| Penny Goldberg [6] [7] | 2018–2020 | Leta zunz'ubumwe |
| Aart Kraay (Gukina) [8] [9] | 2020–2020 | |
| Carmen Reinhart | 2020–2022 | Leta zunz'ubumwe |
| Indermit Gill | 2022 - ubungubu | Ubuhinde |
Reba kandi[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
- Ingufu zisukuye ziterambere ryishoramari
- Ironderero rya Demokarasi
- Gahunda yo Gufasha Imiyoborere Yingufu (ESMAP)
- Ikigo mpuzamahanga cy'imari
- Banki Nshya y'Iterambere
- Intara y'Ubusuwisi
Reba[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Ibindi gusoma[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
- ↑ "About Us". World Bank. 14 October 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
- ↑ "The Founding Fathers". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ↑ The New York Times, 17 March 2015, "France, Germany and Italy Say They'll Join China-Led Bank"
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 : 53–76.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ "World Bank Support for Country Access to COVID-19 Vaccines". World Bank (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2022-10-04.
- ↑ "Yale's Penny Goldberg appointed chief economist at the World Bank". 26 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ↑ "World Bank Group President Appoints Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg as Chief Economist". Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ↑ "World Bank Chief Economist announces resignation". Channel News Asia. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ↑ "Aart Kraay". World Bank. Retrieved 3 March 2020.