Umwuzure w'umugezi w'umuhondo mu wa 1642
Mu mwaka wa 1642 mu gihe cy'umwuzure w'umugezi w’Umuhondo cyangwa umwuzure wa Kaifeng ni ibiza byatewe n'abantu mu Kwakira 1642, yibasiye cyane cyane Kaifeng na Xuzhou .
Kaifeng iherereye ku nkombe y’amajyepfo yuruzi rw'Umuhondo, ikunze kwibasirwa n’umwuzure ukabije mu mateka yarwo. Ku ngoma ya mbere ya Ming, umujyi niho wibasiwe n’umwuzure ukomeye mu mwaka wa 1375, 1384, 1390, 1410, na 1416 . Mu kinyejana cya 15 rwagati, Ming yari yarangije gusana gahunda yo kurwanya imyuzure muri ako karere kandi yarayikoresheje hamwe nitsinzi rusange mumyaka irenga ijana.
Umwuzure wo mu 1642, ntabwo wari karemano, ahubwo wari uyobowe na guverineri w’umujyi wa Ming twizeye gukoresha amazi y'umwuzure kugirango bahagarike amezi atandatu umujyi wari wihanganiye inyeshyamba z'abahinzi ziyobowe na Li Zicheng .
Imiyoboro yaraturitse igerageza kuzuza umwuzure ku inyeshyamba, ariko amazi asenya Kaifeng. Dukurikije indi nkuru, ivuga ko inyeshyamba ziyobowe na Li Zicheng zashakaga gukoresha uruzi mu kuzuza umwuzure ku ingabo z’ibwami. John W. Dardess wo muri kaminuza ya Kansas yaranditse ati: "Ba myugariro na Li bombi bagerageje gukoresha uruzi rw'umuhondo kugira ngo bahangane." umujyi ukarimbura. Li yatsinze. Ku ya 8 Ukwakira 1642, abantu ba Li batemye imigezi, maze uruzi rw'umuhondo rwuzuye imvura rwaturikiyemo intambara ikomeye, yuzura Kaifeng. . . " [1] Harry Miller wo muri kaminuza ya Alabama y'Amajyepfo yanditse ati: "Impande zombi zagerageje gutobora imigezi ku ruzi rw'umuhondo, kugira ngo umwuzure ube inshuti. Amaherezo, ku ya 7 Ukwakira, uruzi rwuzuyemo imvura rwatembye mu mwobo wagabanutse ahantu habiri. " [2]
Ibyo ari byo byose, 300,000 mu baturage 378,000 bahitanywe n’umwuzure hanyuma hakurikiraho ibiza byo hirya no hino nk'inzara n'icyorezo. Ifashwe nk'impanuka kamere, yaba imwe mu myuzure yahitanye abantu benshi mu mateka .
Nyuma y’ibi byago umujyi waratereranywe kugeza mu 1662 igihe wongeye kubakwa byari ku ngoma y'Umwami w'abami wa Kangxi mu ngoma ya Qing . Ubushakashatsi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo muri uyu mujyi bwatanze gihamya y’umwuzure wo mu mwaka wa 1642 n’umwuga wakurikiyeho mu 1662. [3] Wakomeje kuba umujyi wamazi winyuma wicyaro wagabanutse cyane kandi uhura nindi myuzure idakabije.
Umwuzure kandi watumye "ibihe bya zahabu" by’Abayahudi batuye mu Ubushinwa, bivugwa ko byabaye nko mu mwaka wa 1300–1642. Abashinwa bake b'Abayahudi, bagera ku 5,000, bari i Kaifeng. Byongeye kandi, umwuzure washenye isinagogi hamwe na Torah hafi ya zose zidasimburwa.
Reba kandi[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
- Umwuzure mu mateka ya Xuzhou
- Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1938, amayeri asa nintambara yibidukikije
Amashakiro[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
- ↑ John W. Dardess, Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) p. 132
- ↑ Harry Miller, State Versus Gentry in Late Ming Dynasty China, 1572-1644 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) p. 155
- ↑ Storozum, Michael J., et al.Geoarchaeological evidence of the AD 1642 Yellow River flood that destroyed Kaifeng, a former capital of dynastic China, Scientific Reports, 2020.