Ubwicanyi
Ubwicanyi ni ukwica bitemewe undi muntu nta mpamvu cyangwa urwitwazo rwemewe, cyane cyane kwica undi muntu mu buryo butemewe n’ubugizi bwa nabi. [1] [2] [3] Iyi mitekerereze irashobora, bitewe nububasha, gutandukanya ubwicanyi nubundi buryo bwubwicanyi butemewe, nkubwicanyi. Ubwicanyi ni ubwicanyi bwakozwe mugihe hatabayeho ubugizi bwa nabi, [ingingo ya 1] yazanywe n'ubushotoranyi bufatika, cyangwa ubushobozi buke. Kwica umuntu utabishaka, aho bizwi, ni ubwicanyi butabura byose ariko umugambi wo gushinja icyaha cyane, uburangare.
Ubwicanyi mu nzu na Jakub Schikaneder
Imiryango myinshi ibona ko ubwicanyi ari icyaha gikomeye cyane, bityo rero ko umuntu wahamwe n’ubwicanyi agomba guhanwa bikomeye hagamijwe guhana, gukumira, gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, cyangwa kutagira ubushobozi. Mu bihugu byinshi, umuntu wahamwe n'icyaha cy'ubwicanyi muri rusange akatirwa igifungo kirekire, igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu, cyangwa igihano cy'urupfu.
Etymologiya
Hindura
Ijambo ry'icyongereza rya none "ubwicanyi" rikomoka kuri Proto-Indo-Burayi * mŕ̥-trom risobanura "kwica", izina rikomoka kuri * mer- "gupfa". [5]
Mu by'ukuri Abadage-Abadage bari bafite amazina abiri yakomotse kuri iri jambo, nyuma baza guhuzwa n'izina ry'icyongereza rya none: * murþrą "urupfu, kwica, kwica" (biturutse kuri Proto-Indo-Burayi * mŕ̥-trom), aho kuva kera icyongereza morðor "ibanga cyangwa kwica umuntu mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, ubwicanyi; icyaha cyica, icyaha; igihano, kubabaza, umubabaro "; , ubwicanyi; umwicanyi ". Hariho ijambo rya gatatu ryerekeye "ubwicanyi" muri Proto-Ikidage, gukomeza Proto-Indo-Burayi * mr̥tós "yapfuye" (gereranya na mors y'Ikilatini), biha Proto-Ikidage * murþą "urupfu, kwica, kwica" hamwe n'icyongereza cya kera morþ "urupfu , icyaha, ubwicanyi "(gereranya na Mord yo mu Budage).
-D- yahamijwe bwa mbere muri mordre yo mucyongereza cyo hagati, mourdre, ubwicanyi, ubwicanyi yashoboraga kuba yaratewe nubwicanyi bwakera bw’Abafaransa, ubwabwo bukomoka ku izina ry’Ubudage binyuze kuri Frankish * murþra (gereranya na Old High German murdreo, murdiro), nubwo iterambere ryumvikana rimwe irashobora kugaragara hamwe numutwaro (bivuye kumutwaro). Ubundi kwitotomba (byemejwe kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19) biva mu buryo bwa kera bw'icyongereza. Hagati y'icyongereza mordre ni inshinga yo muri Anglo-Saxon myrðrian yo muri Proto-Ikidage * murþrijaną, cyangwa nk'uko inkoranyamagambo ya Oxford y'Icyongereza ya Oxford ibivuga ku izina.
Gukoresha ijambo
Hindura
Mu bihugu byinshi, mu makuru y’amakuru, kubera impungenge zatewe no gushinjwa gusebanya, [8] muri rusange abanyamakuru birinda kutamenya ko ukekwaho icyaha ari umwicanyi kugeza igihe ukekwaho icyaha cy’ubwicanyi mu rukiko. Urugero, nyuma yo gufatwa, abanyamakuru barashobora ahubwo kwandika ko uwo muntu "yatawe muri yombi akekwaho ubwicanyi", [9] cyangwa, nyuma y’uko umushinjacyaha atanga ibirego nk '"umwicanyi ushinjwa".
Abatavuga rumwe no gukuramo inda babona ko gukuramo inda ari ubwicanyi. [11] Mu bihugu bimwe, uruhinja ni umuntu wemewe n'amategeko ushobora kwicwa, kandi kwica umugore utwite bifatwa nk'ubwicanyi bubiri. [13]
Ibisobanuro
Hindura
Umuhanga mu by'amategeko w’icyongereza wo mu kinyejana cya cumi n'umunani William Blackstone (ashingiye kuri Edward Coke), mu bisobanuro yatanze ku mategeko y’Ubwongereza yashyizeho ibisobanuro rusange by’amategeko y’ubwicanyi, ibyo bisobanuro bikabaho
iyo umuntu, yibutse neza kandi afite ubushishozi, yishe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’ikiremwa icyo ari cyo cyose cyumvikana mu kubaho no mu mahoro y’umwami, akoresheje ubugizi bwa nabi bwatekerejweho, bwaba bugaragaza cyangwa bushaka kuvuga.
- Ibintu bigize ubwicanyi busanzwe ni:
- bitemewe
- kwica
- binyuze mu bikorwa by'ubugizi bwa nabi cyangwa kutirengagiza
- y'umuntu
- n'undi muntu
- hamwe n'ubugizi bwa nabi.
- Ntibyemewe - Ibi bitandukanya ubwicanyi nubwicanyi bukorwa mu mbibi z’amategeko, nk'igihano cyo kwicwa, kwiregura bifite ishingiro, cyangwa kwica abarwanyi b'abanzi n'abarwanyi bemewe ndetse no kwangiza ingwate ku batari abarwanyi mu gihe cy'intambara. 17]
Kwica - Mu mategeko asanzwe ubuzima bwarangiranye no gufatwa k'umutima [16] - guhagarika burundu kandi bidasubirwaho umuvuduko w'amaraso no guhumeka. Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga mu buvuzi inkiko zafashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika bidasubirwaho imikorere yose y’ubwonko nk'ikimenyetso cy'imperuka y'ubuzima.
Icyaha cyangwa kutirengagiza - Ubwicanyi bushobora gukorwa nigikorwa cyangwa kutirengagiza.
Bya muntu - Iki kintu cyerekana ikibazo cyigihe ubuzima butangiriye. Mu mategeko rusange, uruhinja ntirwari umuntu. Ubuzima bwatangiye igihe akayoya kanyuze mu gitsina maze gahumeka bwa mbere.
Undi muntu - Mu mategeko ya mbere asanzwe, kwiyahura byafatwaga nk'ubwicanyi. Icyifuzo cy'uko umuntu wishwe yaba undi muntu utari nyirabayazana ukuyemo kwiyahura mu bisobanuro by'ubwicanyi.
Hamwe n'ubugizi bwa nabi byavuzwe mbere - Ubusanzwe ubugizi bwa nabi bwatekerejweho bwatwaraga ibisobanuro bya buri munsi - kwica nkana kandi wabigambiriye (mbere yabigambiriye) kwica undi biterwa nubushake bubi. Ubwicanyi busaba byanze bikunze ko igihe gishimishije gihita hagati yo gushiraho no gushyira mubikorwa umugambi wo kwica. Inkiko zaguye ubwicanyi mu gukuraho ibisabwa mbere yo kubishaka no kubigambirira gushyira mu gaciro.