Ubuvuzi rusange
Ubuvuzi cyangwa ubuvuzi rusange ni ugutezimbere ubuzima binyuze mu gukumira, gusuzuma, kuvura, gukiza cyangwa gukiza indwara, indwara, ibikomere, n’ubundi bumuga bw’umubiri n’ubwenge mu bantu. Ubuvuzi butangwa ninzobere mu buzima hamwe n’ubuzima bufatanije. Ubuvuzi, amenyo, farumasi, umubyaza, ubuforomo, optometrie, audiologiya, psychologiya, kuvura akazi, kuvura umubiri, imyitozo ngororamubiri, n'indi myuga y'ubuzima byose bigize ubuvuzi. Harimo imirimo ikorwa mugutanga ubuvuzi bwibanze, ubuvuzi bwisumbuye, nubuvuzi bwa kaminuza, ndetse no mubuzima rusange.
Kwisi yose yibikoresho byubuzima, nkuko bigaragazwa numubare wabaganga kumuntu 10,000, nigihugu. Amakuru yaturutse mu mibare y’ubuzima ku isi 2010, raporo ya OMS. [Akeneye kuvugururwa]
Igishushanyo cy’ibitanda by’ibitaro ku bantu 1000 ku isi mu 2013, ku isonga; Ku ifoto
ni ikigo cya Weill-Cornell (ikigo cyera hagati)
Kubona ubuvuzi birashobora gutandukana mubihugu, abaturage, nabantu ku giti cyabo, bitewe n’imibereho n’ubukungu ndetse na politiki y’ubuzima. Gutanga serivisi z'ubuvuzi bisobanura "gukoresha igihe cya serivisi z'ubuzima ku giti cyawe kugira ngo tugere ku musaruro mwiza w'ubuzima". Ibintu bigomba kwitabwaho mubijyanye no kwivuza harimo imbogamizi zamafaranga (nko kwishingira ubwishingizi), inzitizi z’imiterere n’ibikoresho (nk'amafaranga y’inyongera yo gutwara abantu ndetse no gufata igihe cyo kuruhuka ku kazi kugira ngo ukoreshe izo serivisi), ibyifuzo by’umuco, hamwe n’imipaka bwite; (kubura ubushobozi bwo kuvugana nabashinzwe ubuzima, kutamenya gusoma no kwandika, amafaranga make). [4] Imipaka kuri serivisi zita ku buzima igira ingaruka mbi ku mikoreshereze y’ubuvuzi, ingaruka z’ubuvuzi, hamwe n’ibisubizo muri rusange (imibereho myiza, impfu).
Sisitemu yubuzima nimiryango yashizweho kugirango ihuze ibyifuzo byubuzima bwabaturage. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) rivuga ko gahunda y’ubuvuzi ikora neza isaba uburyo bwo gutera inkunga, abakozi bahuguwe neza kandi bahembwa bihagije, amakuru yizewe ashingiraho ibyemezo na politiki, hamwe n’ibigo nderabuzima bibungabunzwe neza kugira ngo bitange ubuziranenge imiti n'ikoranabuhanga.
Sisitemu nziza yubuzima irashobora kugira uruhare runini mubukungu bwigihugu, iterambere, ninganda. Ubuvuzi busanzwe bufatwa nkigikorwa cyingenzi mugutezimbere ubuzima rusange bwumubiri nubwenge ndetse n'imibereho myiza yabantu ku isi. Urugero rwibi ni ukurandura burundu ibicurane ku isi mu 1980, byatangajwe na OMS, ko ari indwara ya mbere mu mateka y’abantu yakuweho n’ubuzima nkana. [6]
Gutanga
Hindura
Reba kandi: Inzobere mu buzima
Ubuvuzi bwibanze bushobora gutangwa mubigo nderabuzima byabaturage.
Gutanga ubuvuzi bugezweho biterwa nitsinda ryinzobere zahuguwe hamwe naba paraprofessional bahurira hamwe nkamakipe atandukanye. Ibi birimo inzobere mu buvuzi, psychologiya, physiotherapie, abaforomo, amenyo, ababyaza n’ubuzima bufatanije, hamwe n’abandi benshi nk’abashinzwe ubuzima rusange, abashinzwe ubuzima bw’abaturage n’abakozi bafasha, batanga gahunda ku buryo bwihariye bwo kwita ku gukumira, kuvura no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe; serivisi.
Nubwo ibisobanuro byubwoko butandukanye bwubuvuzi butandukanye bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bw’umuco, politiki, imitunganyirize, na disipulini, bigaragara ko hari ubwumvikane buke ko ubuvuzi bwibanze bugize ikintu cya mbere cyibikorwa byubuzima bikomeza kandi bishobora no kubamo yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri n'icya gatatu cyo kwita. Ubuvuzi bushobora gusobanurwa nkibya leta cyangwa ibyigenga.
Icyumba cyihutirwa akenshi ni ikibanza cyambere cyo gutanga ubuvuzi bwibanze.
Ubuvuzi bwibanze
Hindura
Ingingo nyamukuru: Ubuvuzi bwibanze
Reba kandi: Ubuvuzi bwibanze, ubuvuzi bwa Ambulatory, nubuvuzi bwihutirwa
Gari ya moshi y'ibitaro "Therapist Matvei Mudrov" i Khabarovsk, mu Burusiya [9]
Ubuvuzi bw'ibanze bivuga imirimo y'inzobere mu buzima zikora nk'ingingo ya mbere yo kugisha inama abarwayi bose bari muri gahunda z'ubuzima. [8] Umunyamwuga nkuyu yaba umuganga wibanze, nkumuganga rusange cyangwa umuganga wumuryango. Undi munyamwuga yaba umwuga wigenga wemewe nka physiotherapiste, cyangwa umuganga wibanze utari umuganga nkumufasha wumuganga cyangwa umuforomo. Ukurikije aho gahunda yubuzima ihagaze, umurwayi ashobora kubanza kubona undi mwuga wubuzima, nka farumasi cyangwa umuforomo. Bitewe n'imiterere y'ubuzima, abarwayi barashobora koherezwa kwa kabiri cyangwa kaminuza.
Ubuvuzi bwibanze bukunze gukoreshwa nkijambo rya serivisi zita kubuzima zigira uruhare mubaturage. Irashobora gutangwa muburyo butandukanye igenamiterere, nkibigo byita ku Byihutirwa bitanga umunsi umwe gahunda cyangwa serivisi mukugenda.
Ubuvuzi bwibanze bukubiyemo ubuvuzi bwagutse cyane, harimo imyaka yose y’abarwayi, abarwayi bakomoka mu mibereho n’ubukungu n’imibereho yose, abarwayi bashaka kubungabunga ubuzima bwiza, n’abarwayi bafite ibibazo byose by’ubuzima bukabije kandi budakira bw’umubiri, bwo mu mutwe ndetse n’imibereho, harimo byinshi indwara zidakira. Kubwibyo, umuganga wibanze agomba kuba afite ubumenyi bwagutse mubice byinshi. Gukomeza ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kiranga ubuvuzi bw'ibanze, kubera ko abarwayi bakunze guhitamo kubaza umuganga umwe kugira ngo basuzume buri gihe kandi babone uburyo bwo kwirinda, uburezi ku buzima, kandi igihe cyose bakeneye inama ya mbere ku kibazo gishya cy'ubuzima. Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’ubuvuzi bwibanze (ICPC) ni igikoresho gisanzwe cyo gusobanukirwa no gusesengura amakuru yerekeye ibikorwa by’ubuvuzi bwibanze hashingiwe ku mpamvu yo gusura umurwayi.
Indwara zidakira zikunze kuvurwa mubuvuzi bwibanze zishobora kubamo, urugero, hypertension, diyabete, asima, COPD, kwiheba no guhangayika, kubabara umugongo, arthrite cyangwa imikorere ya tiroyide. Ubuvuzi bwibanze burimo kandi serivisi zingenzi zita kubuzima bw’ababyeyi n’abana, nka serivisi zo kuboneza urubyaro no gukingira. Muri Amerika, Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku rwego rw’ubuzima mu mwaka wa 2013 bwerekanye ko indwara z’uruhu (42.7%), osteoarthritis hamwe n’indwara zifatika (33,6%), ibibazo by’umugongo (23.9%), indwara ziterwa na metabolisme ya lipide (22.4%), n’indwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero yo hejuru; (22.1%, usibye asima) nizo mpamvu zikunze kugaragara kwa muganga.
Muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, abaganga bambere bambere batangiye gutanga ubuvuzi bwibanze hanze yubuvuzi bucungwa (ubwishingizi-bwishyuza) binyuze mubuvuzi bwibanze butaziguye aribwo buryo bwo kuvura imiti isanzwe. Abaganga muriki cyitegererezo bishyuza abarwayi serivisi zitaziguye, haba mbere yishyuwe mbere, buri gihembwe, cyangwa buri mwaka, cyangwa fagitire kuri buri serivisi mubiro. Ingero zubuvuzi bwibanze burimo Ubuzima bwibanze muri Colorado na Qliance i Washington.
Mu rwego rwo gusaza kw’abatuye isi, hamwe n’umubare w’abantu bakuze bafite ibyago byinshi by’indwara zidakira zandura, biteganijwe ko serivisi z’ubuvuzi bw’ibanze ziyongera vuba mu bihugu byateye imbere ndetse n’iterambere. [13] Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rivuga ko itangwa ry'ubuvuzi bw'ibanze ari kimwe mu bigize ingamba z’ibanze z’ubuvuzi.
Icyiciro cya kabiri
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Ibitaro by’Urwibutso rwa Jackson i Miami, ibitaro by’ibanze byigisha by’ishuri ry’ubuvuzi rya Leonard M. Miller wo muri kaminuza ya Miami ndetse n’ibitaro binini muri Amerika bifite ibitanda 1.547 [15]
Icyiciro cya kabiri cyubuvuzi gikubiyemo ubuvuzi bukabije: ubuvuzi bukenewe mugihe gito kuburwayi bugufi ariko bukomeye, ibikomere, cyangwa ubundi buzima. Ubu buvuzi bukunze kuboneka mu ishami ryihutirwa ryibitaro. Amashuri yisumbuye akubiyemo no kwitabira ubuhanga mugihe cyo kubyara, ubuvuzi bukomeye, hamwe na serivisi zerekana amashusho.
Ijambo "ubuvuzi bwa kabiri" rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa kimwe na "care care". Nyamara, abatanga ubuvuzi bwisumbuye benshi, nk'abaganga b'indwara zo mu mutwe, abahanga mu by'imitekerereze ya muntu, abavuzi babigize umwuga, inzobere mu menyo cyangwa abahanga mu kuvura indwara z'umubiri, ntibakenera gukorera mu bitaro. Serivise zimwe zibanze zitangwa mubitaro. Bitewe n’imitunganyirize na politiki ya gahunda y’ubuzima y’igihugu, abarwayi barashobora gusabwa kubonana n’ibanze kugira ngo babohereze mbere yo kubona ubuvuzi bwa kabiri. [17]
Mu bihugu bikorera muri gahunda y’ubuvuzi ivanze n’isoko, abaganga bamwe bagabanya imyitozo yabo ku buvuzi bwa kabiri basaba abarwayi kubanza kubona ubuvuzi bwibanze. Iri tegeko rishobora gushyirwaho hakurikijwe amasezerano yo kwishyura muri gahunda yubwishingizi bwubuzima bwigenga cyangwa mumatsinda. Mu bindi bihe, inzobere mu buvuzi zishobora kubona abarwayi bataboherejwe, kandi abarwayi bashobora guhitamo niba boherejwe ubwabo.
Mu bindi bihugu, abarwayi biyitirira inzobere mu buvuzi kugira ngo bavurwe mu cyiciro cya kabiri ntibisanzwe kuko kubanza koherezwa ku wundi muganga (yaba umuganga w’ibanze cyangwa undi muhanga) bifatwa nkenerwa, hatitawe ku kuba inkunga ituruka muri gahunda z’ubwishingizi bw’abikorera cyangwa ubwishingizi bw’ubuzima bw’igihugu; .
Inzobere mu by'ubuzima zifatanije, nk'abavuzi b'umubiri, abavuzi b'ubuhumekero, abavuzi babigize umwuga, abavuga imvugo, n'abashinzwe imirire, na bo muri rusange bakora mu buvuzi bwa kabiri, baboneka binyuze mu kohereza abarwayi ubwabo cyangwa bakohereza abaganga.
Ubuvuzi bwa gatatu
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Ibitaro by’igihugu bishinzwe ubuvuzi bw’imyororokere na Neurosurgie i Londere, mu Bwongereza ni ibitaro by’inzobere mu bijyanye n’imitsi.
Ubuvuzi bwa Tertiary ni ubuvuzi bwihariye bwo kwita ku buzima, ubusanzwe ku barwayi no koherezwa n’inzobere mu buzima bw’ibanze cyangwa yisumbuye, mu kigo gifite abakozi n’ibikoresho byo gukora iperereza ry’ubuvuzi n’ubuvuzi, nka kaminuza.
y ibitaro byoherejwe.
Urugero rwa serivisi zita ku barwayi bo mu rwego rwa gatatu ni imicungire ya kanseri, kubaga indwara zo mu mutwe, kubaga umutima, kubaga plasitike, kuvura inkongi y'umuriro ikabije, serivisi zita ku barwayi ba neonatologiya, palliative, ndetse n'ibindi bikorwa bigoye byo kuvura no kubaga.
Kwita kuri kane
Hindura
Ijambo kwita kuri quaternary rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa nko kwagura ubuvuzi bwa kaminuza mu rwego rwo hejuru rw’ubuvuzi bwihariye kandi butagerwaho cyane. Ubuvuzi bw'igeragezwa hamwe nuburyo bumwe na bumwe budasanzwe bwo gusuzuma cyangwa kubaga bifatwa nk'ubuvuzi bwa kane. Izi serivisi zitangwa gusa mu mubare muto w’ibigo nderabuzima byo mu karere cyangwa by’igihugu. [20]
Murugo no kwita kubaturage
Hindura
Reba kandi: Ubuzima rusange
Ubwoko bwinshi bwubuvuzi butangwa hanze yibigo nderabuzima. Harimo ibikorwa byinshi bifasha inyungu zubuzima rusange, nko kugenzura umutekano wibiribwa, gukwirakwiza udukingirizo na gahunda yo guhana inshinge hagamijwe gukumira indwara zanduza.
Harimo kandi serivisi zinzobere mumiturire n’abaturage mu rwego rwo gushyigikira kwiyitaho, kwita ku rugo, kwita ku gihe kirekire, ubufasha bufasha, kuvura indwara ziterwa n’ibiyobyabwenge mu bundi bwoko bwa serivisi zita ku buzima n’imibereho myiza.
Serivisi ishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abaturage irashobora gufasha mu kugenda no kwigenga nyuma yo gutakaza ingingo cyangwa gutakaza imikorere. Ibi birashobora kubamo prothèse, orthotics, cyangwa intebe yimuga.
Ibihugu byinshi bihura n’abaturage basaza, bityo kimwe mu byihutirwa muri gahunda y’ubuvuzi ni ugufasha abageze mu zabukuru kubaho ubuzima bwuzuye, bwigenga mu ngo zabo. Hariho igice cyose cyubuvuzi kigamije guha abakuru ubufasha mubikorwa bya buri munsi murugo nko gutwara abantu no kubonana na muganga hamwe nibindi bikorwa byinshi byingenzi mubuzima bwabo no kumererwa neza. Nubwo batanga urugo kubantu bakuze mubufatanye, abagize umuryango hamwe nabakozi bashinzwe kurera barashobora kugira imyumvire itandukanye nindangagaciro kubikorwa byabo. Iyi miterere irerekana imbogamizi mugushushanya ICT (amakuru n'ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho) yo kwita ku rugo.
Kubera ko imibare yerekana ko Abanyamerika barenga miliyoni 80 bakuye igihe ku mirimo yabo y'ibanze kugira ngo bita ku muntu ukunda, [23] ibihugu byinshi byatangiye gutanga porogaramu nka Porogaramu ishinzwe ubufasha bw’umuguzi yemerera abagize umuryango kwita ku bo bakunda. imwe idatanze amafaranga yose yinjiza.
Kubera ko umubyibuho ukabije mu bana uhita uhangayikishwa cyane, serivisi z'ubuzima zikunze gushyiraho gahunda mu mashuri zigamije kwigisha abana ibijyanye no kurya indyo yuzuye, bigatuma uburezi bw’umubiri busabwa ndetse no kwigisha ingimbi n'abangavu kugira isura nziza.
Ibipimo
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Ingingo nyamukuru: Ibipimo byubuzima
Ibipimo byubuzima ni amanota cyangwa isuzuma ryubuvuzi bukoreshwa mugusuzuma inzira yubuvuzi n'inzego zita ku buzima hamwe na / cyangwa ibisubizo bya serivisi z'ubuzima. Aya makuru yahinduwe mu makarita ya raporo atangwa n’imiryango ifite ireme, idaharanira inyungu, amatsinda y’abaguzi n’itangazamakuru. Iri suzuma ryubuziranenge rishingiye ku ngamba za:
ubuziranenge bwibitaro
gahunda yubuzima bwiza
ubuvuzi bwiza
ubuziranenge kubandi bashinzwe ubuzima
bw'uburambe bw'abarwayi
Inzego zijyanye
Hindura
Ubuvuzi ntiburenze gutanga serivisi ku barwayi, bukubiyemo imirenge myinshi ifitanye isano, kandi bushyirwa mu ishusho nini y’imari n’inzego z’imiyoborere.
Sisitemu yubuzima
Hindura
Ingingo z'ingenzi: Sisitemu yubuzima na sisitemu yubuzima byigihugu
Sisitemu yubuzima, rimwe na rimwe nanone yitwa sisitemu yubuzima cyangwa sisitemu yubuzima, ni imitunganyirize yabantu, ibigo, nubutunzi butanga serivisi zita kubuzima kubantu bakeneye ubufasha.
Inganda zita ku buzima
Hindura
Reba kandi: Inganda zita ku buzima nubukungu bwubuzima
Inganda zita ku buzima zirimo imirenge myinshi igamije gutanga serivisi zita ku buzima n’ibicuruzwa. Mu rwego rw’ibanze mu gusobanura urwego, Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’umuryango w’abibumbye ushyira mu byiciro urwego rw’ubuvuzi rushyira mu bikorwa ubuvuzi nko muri rusange ibikorwa by’ibitaro, ibikorwa by’ubuvuzi n’amenyo, ndetse n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubuzima bw’abantu. Icyiciro cyanyuma kirimo ibikorwa by, cyangwa bikurikiranwa nabaforomo, ababyaza, physiotherapiste, laboratoire yubumenyi cyangwa isuzumabumenyi, amavuriro ya patologiya, ibigo nderabuzima bituye, abunganira abarwayi [24] cyangwa indi myuga ifitanye isano n’ubuzima.
Byongeye kandi, ukurikije inganda n’ibyiciro by’isoko, nkibipimo ngenderwaho by’inganda ku rwego rw’isi hamwe n’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’inganda, ubuvuzi burimo ibyiciro byinshi by’ubuvuzi, ibikoresho na serivisi birimo ibinyabuzima, laboratoire yo gusuzuma n’ibintu, gukora ibiyobyabwenge no kubitanga.
Kurugero, imiti nibindi bikoresho byubuvuzi nibyo biza ku isonga mu ikoranabuhanga ryoherezwa mu Burayi no muri Amerika.
[26] Amerika yiganje mu bijyanye n’ibinyabuzima, bingana na bitatu bya kane by’amafaranga yinjira mu ikoranabuhanga ku isi. [25] [27]
Ubushakashatsi ku buzima
Hindura
Ingingo z'ingenzi: Ubushakashatsi mu by'ubuvuzi n'ubushakashatsi bw'abaforomo
Kubisobanuro byingenzi, reba siyanse yubuzima.
Ubwinshi nubwiza bwibikorwa byinshi byita ku buzima byanozwa binyuze mu bisubizo bya siyansi, nko gutera imbere binyuze mu buryo bw’ubuvuzi bw’ubuzima bwibanda ku kurandura indwara binyuze mu gusuzuma no kuvura neza. Iterambere ryinshi ryingenzi ryatewe nubushakashatsi bwubuzima, ubushakashatsi bwibinyabuzima nubushakashatsi bwa farumasi, aribwo shingiro ryubuvuzi bushingiye ku bimenyetso hamwe n’ibikorwa bishingiye ku bimenyetso mu gutanga ubuvuzi. Ubushakashatsi bwita ku buzima bukunze guhura n’abarwayi, kandi nkibibazo nkibi abo bagomba kwishora hamwe nuburyo bwo kubana nabo biba ngombwa kubitekerezaho mugihe ushaka kubishyira mubikorwa. Nubwo imyitozo imwe myiza itabaho, ibisubizo by'isuzuma rifatika ku bijyanye no gusezerana kw'abarwayi byerekana ko uburyo bw'ubushakashatsi bwo guhitamo abarwayi bugomba kubarwa ku kuba abarwayi bahari ndetse n'ubushake bwo kwishora.
Ubushakashatsi bwa serivisi z'ubuzima bushobora gutuma habaho uburyo bunoze bwo gutanga serivisi zita ku buzima, nk'uko byateye imbere binyuze mu mibereho y’ubuzima n’ubumuga, bishimangira impinduka z’abaturage zishobora gukorwa kugira ngo abaturage bagire ubuzima bwiza. Ibisubizo bivuye mu bushakashatsi bwa serivisi z'ubuzima akenshi bigize ishingiro rya politiki ishingiye ku bimenyetso muri sisitemu z'ubuzima. Ubushakashatsi bwa serivisi z'ubuzima nabwo bufashwa n’ibikorwa mu rwego rw’ubwenge bw’ubukorikori hagamijwe guteza imbere sisitemu y’isuzuma ry’ubuzima zifite akamaro mu mavuriro, ku gihe, zita ku mpinduka, umuco, umuco, umutwaro muke, uhendutse, wubatswe mu buryo busanzwe, kandi shyiramo umurwayi.
Amafaranga yo kwivuza
Hindura
Reba kandi: Sisitemu yubuzima, politiki yubuzima, hamwe nubuvuzi rusange
Reba cyangwa uhindure amakuru yinkomoko.
Amafaranga yakoreshejwe mu buzima yose ni agace ka GDP.
Muri rusange hari uburyo butanu bwibanze bwo gutera inkunga sisitemu yubuzima: [32]
Umusoro rusange kuri leta, intara cyangwa komine
Ubwishingizi bw'ubuzima
Ubwishingizi bw'ubuzima ku bushake cyangwa bwigenga
Kwishura hanze
Impano ku miryango nterankunga
Mu bihugu byinshi, hariho imvange yuburyo butanu, ariko ibi biratandukana mubihugu ndetse nigihe kinini mubihugu. Usibye uburyo bwo gutera inkunga, ikibazo cyingenzi kigomba guhora ari amafaranga yo kwivuza. Mu ntumbero yo kugereranya, ibi bikunze kugaragazwa nkijanisha rya GDP ryakoreshejwe mubuvuzi. Mu bihugu bya OECD kuri buri $ $ 1000 yakoreshejwe mu kwivuza, icyizere cyo kubaho kigabanuka ku myaka 0.4. Isano nk'iryo igaragara mu isesengura ryakozwe buri mwaka na Bloomberg. Ikigaragara ni uko ubu bwoko bw'isesengura bufite amakosa kubera ko igihe cyo kubaho ari igipimo kimwe gusa cy'imikorere ya sisitemu y'ubuzima, ariko kimwe, igitekerezo cy'uko inkunga nyinshi ari nziza ntabwo gishyigikiwe.
Mu mwaka wa 2011, inganda zita ku buzima zatwaye impuzandengo ya 9.3 ku ijana bya GDP cyangwa US $ 3,322 (PPP-yahinduwe) kuri buri muntu mu bihugu 34 bigize ibihugu bya OECD. Amerika (17.7%, cyangwa US $ PPP 8,508), Ubuholandi (11.9%, 5.099), Ubufaransa (11,6%, 4.118), Ubudage (11.3%, 4.495), Kanada (11.2%, 5669), n'Ubusuwisi (11) %, 5,634) ni bo bakoresheje amafaranga menshi, icyakora icyizere cyo kubaho mu baturage bose bavutse cyari kinini mu Busuwisi (imyaka 82.8), Ubuyapani n'Ubutaliyani (82.7), Espagne na Isilande (82.4), Ubufaransa (82.2) na Ositaraliya (82.0), mugihe impuzandengo ya OECD irenga imyaka 80 kunshuro yambere muri 2011: imyaka 80.1, inyungu yimyaka 10 kuva 1970. Amerika (imyaka 78.7) iri kumwanya wa 26 gusa mubihugu 34 bigize OECD, ariko ifite ibiciro byinshi kugeza ubu . Ibihugu byose bya OECD byageze ku buzima rusange (cyangwa hafi ya byose), usibye Amerika na Mexico. [35] (reba no kugereranya mpuzamahanga.)
Muri Amerika, aho hafi 18% bya GDP bikoreshwa mu kwivuza, [34] Isesengura ry’ikigega cya Commonwealth cy’imikoreshereze n’ubuziranenge ryerekana isano iri hagati y’imiterere mibi n’ikoreshwa ryinshi.
Ubuyobozi n'amabwiriza
Hindura
Reba kandi: Ibisabwa mubuzima bwumwuga
Ubuyobozi nubuyobozi bwubuvuzi nibyingenzi mugutanga serivisi zubuzima. By'umwihariko, imikorere y’inzobere mu buzima n’imikorere y’ibigo nderabuzima ubusanzwe bigengwa n’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu cyangwa leta / intara binyuze mu nzego zibishinzwe zibishinzwe hagamijwe kwizeza ubuziranenge. Ibihugu byinshi bifite abakozi bafite ibyemezo mu nama ngenzuramikorere cyangwa mu ishami ry’ubuzima bandika ibyemezo cyangwa impushya z’abakozi b’ubuzima n’amateka y’akazi.
Ikoranabuhanga mu makuru yubuzima
Hindura
Andi makuru: Ikoranabuhanga ryamakuru yubuzima, gucunga amakuru yubuzima, informatics yubuzima, eUbuzima, nikoranabuhanga ryubuzima
Ikoranabuhanga ryamakuru yubuzima (HIT) ni "ikoreshwa ryogutunganya amakuru arimo ibyuma bya mudasobwa hamwe na software ikora mububiko, kugarura al, gusangira, no gukoresha amakuru yita ku buzima, amakuru, n'ubumenyi mu itumanaho no gufata ibyemezo. "[40]
Ibigize ikoranabuhanga mu buzima:
Ubuzima bwa elegitoroniki (EHR) - EHR ikubiyemo amateka y’ubuvuzi yuzuye y’umurwayi, kandi irashobora gushiramo inyandiko z’abatanga serivisi nyinshi.
Ubuvuzi bwa elegitoroniki (EMR) - EMR ikubiyemo amakuru asanzwe y’ubuvuzi n’ubuvuzi yakusanyirijwe mu biro by’umuntu utanga serivisi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye (PHR) - PHR ni amateka y’ubuvuzi bw’umurwayi abikwa wenyine, kugira ngo akoreshwe ku giti cye.
Porogaramu yubuvuzi yubuvuzi (MPM) - yashizweho kugirango yorohereze imirimo ya buri munsi yo gukora ikigo nderabuzima. Azwi kandi nka progaramu yo gucunga imyitozo cyangwa sisitemu yo kuyobora imyitozo (PMS).
Guhana amakuru ku buzima (HIE) - Guhana amakuru ku buzima bituma inzobere mu buvuzi n’abarwayi bashobora kubona neza kandi bagasangira neza amakuru y’ingenzi y’ubuvuzi y’umurwayi hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga.