Ubushyuhe bukabije bwabayeho ku isi
Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwabayeho ku isi bwapimwe muburyo butatu: ikirere, ubutaka, no kureba ibyogajuru. Ibipimo byo mu kirere bikoreshwa nk'igipimo gisanzwe kubera ibibazo bikomeje hamwe n'ubutaka bwizewe hamwe no gusoma ibyogajuru. Ibipimo byo mu kirere byagaragajwe n’umuryango w’ubumenyi bw’ikirere (WMO) na Guinness World Records hamwe n’ibipimo ngenderwaho bizakoreshwa mu kumenya inyandiko zemewe. Kugeza ubu ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere bwemewe cyane ku isi ni 56.7 ° C (134.1 ° F), bwanditswe ku ya 10 Nyakanga 1913 ahitwa Furnace Creek Ranch, mu kibaya cy'urupfu muri Amerika. [1] Mu myaka mirongo icyenda, inyandiko yahoze yapimwe muri Libiya yari ihari, kugeza igihe yemejwe mu 2012 ishingiye ku bimenyetso byerekana ko ari ugusoma nabi. Ubu bushakashatsi bwatangiye kwibaza niba inyandiko zemewe mu 1913 zapimwe mu kibaya cy’urupfu, impuguke mu bumenyi bw’ikirere zemeza ko hari amakosa nk'aya. WMO yahagaze ku nyandiko nk'umuyobozi mu gihe hagitegerejwe ibisubizo by'iperereza bizaza. Niba inyandiko iriho ubu igomba kumenyekana noneho uyifite yari kunganya kuri 54.0 ° C (129.2 ° F), byanditswe kuri Furnace Creek, no muri Koweti.
Ubushyuhe bwinshi butagenzuwe mubisomwa uko ari bitatu nabwo bwaranditswe burenze abafite ubu. Ibi birimo amateka yamateka atigeze yemezwa kubera ibikoresho byariho icyo gihe nibisabwa na siyansi bidafite gihamya. Hariho kandi gusoma bidasubirwaho ibyasomwe byashyizwe ku mbuga nkoranyambaga byerekana ibimenyetso by'ubushyuhe bukabije.
Amateka[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Hindura
Isomero rya termometero kuri Furnace Creek Ranch (Nyakanga 2005)
Imiterere isanzwe yo gupima ubushyuhe buri mu kirere, metero 1.5 (4 ft 11 in) hejuru yubutaka, kandi ikingiwe nizuba ryinshi. Ubushyuhe bwo ku isi muri rusange bwakurikiranwe kuva mu 1880 igihe kubika inyandiko byatangiraga. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ry’ikirere (WMO) rivuga ko ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bw’ikirere bwanditswe ku isi bwari 56.7 ° C (134.1 ° F) muri Furnace Creek Ranch, muri Californiya, buherereye mu kibaya cy’urupfu muri Amerika, ku ya 10 Nyakanga 1913. [1] [4] [5] Iyi nyandiko yarenze mu 1922 isomwa na 57.8 ° C (136.0 ° F), yanditswe ku ya 13 Nzeri 1922, i ʽAziziya, Libiya. Nyuma yimyaka mirongo icyenda, iyi nyandiko yaramenyekanye, bituma iyambere yasomwe mu kibaya cyurupfu yongeye ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi. Kwemeza inyandiko zahoze muri Libiya kuva icyo gihe byashidikanyaga ku kamaro ko gufata amajwi mu 1913. Niba inyandiko ya 1913 iramutse yemejwe, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bw’ikirere bwashyizweho ku isi bwaba 54.0 ° C (129.2 ° F), nabwo bwanditswe mu kibaya cy’urupfu ku ya 20 Kamena 2013, no muri Mitribah, Koweti ku ya 21 Nyakanga 2016. [7 ] Kuva muri Kanama 2020 hasomwe hejuru ya 54.4 ° C (129.9 ° F) muri Kanama 2020 na Nyakanga 2021, haba kuri Furnace Creek, mu gihe hagitegerejwe kwemezwa. [8] [9] [10] [11]
Ibipimo na byo byafashwe mu bundi buryo bubiri binyuze ku butaka no gusoma. Ubushyuhe bupimye ku butaka bushobora kurenga ubushyuhe bw’ikirere kuri 30 kugeza kuri 50 ° C (54 kugeza 90 ° F). Ubushyuhe ntarengwa bushoboka bwubushyuhe bwubutaka bwagereranijwe buri hagati ya 90 na 100 ° C (194 na 212 ° F) kubutaka bwumutse, bwijimye bwubutaka buke bwumuriro. Mu gihe nta bushyuhe bwo hejuru bw’ubutaka bwemejwe, bivugwa ko hasomwe 93.9 ° C (201.0 ° F) mu gace ka Furnace Creek Ranch ku ya 15 Nyakanga 1972. [14] Ibipimo by'ubushyuhe hifashishijwe icyogajuru nabyo bikunda gufata ibyabaye hejuru ariko ariko, kubera ingorane ziterwa no gutakaza ubutumburuke bwa satelite (ingaruka ziterwa no guterana mu kirere), ibyo bipimo akenshi bifatwa nk'ibyizewe kuruta ibipimo bya termometero biri ku butaka. Ibipimo bya satelite by'ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka byafashwe hagati ya 2003 na 2009, byafashwe hamwe na MODIS infrared spectroradiometero kuri satelite ya Aqua, byagaragaye ko ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwa 70.7 ° C (159.3 ° F), bwanditswe mu 2005 mu butayu bwa Lut, muri Irani. Ubutayu bwa Lut na bwo wasangaga bufite ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyane mu myaka 5 mu myaka 7 yapimwe (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, na 2009). Ibi bipimo byerekana impuzandengo ku karere kanini bityo rero bikaba biri munsi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru.
Ibibazo[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Hindura
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere y’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ku isi bwakozweho ubushakashatsi nk'ibisomwa nabi. Kuva mu 1922 kugeza 2012, inyandiko ya WMO y’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ku isi yari 57.8 ° C (136.0 ° F), yanditswe ku ya 13 Nzeri 1922, i ʽAziziya, Libiya. Iyi nyandiko yemejwe na WMO muri Mutarama 2012 kuko ibimenyetso byemeza byatumye habaho gusoma nabi byanditswe mu makosa n'indorerezi idafite uburambe. [1] Kumenyekanisha iyi nyandiko yahoze byatumye abashakashatsi bakora ubushakashatsi ku byahoze byafashwe n'ibyakozwe mu kibaya cy'urupfu mu 1913. [6] Kimwe mu byabanje kwangwa cyaje mu 1949 n’urukiko rwa Dr. Arnold, rwemeje ko ubushyuhe bushobora kuba bwaratewe n’umuyaga w’umucanga wabaye icyo gihe. Urukiko rwavuze ko "nk'ibyo inkubi y'umuyaga ishobora kuba yarateje ibikoresho by'ubushyuhe bukabije kwibasirwa n'ubushyuhe mu buhungiro. "[1] ", kandi byibuze ni 2,2 kugeza kuri 2.8 ° C (4 kugeza kuri 5 ° F) hejuru cyane. [17] Niba hari ibikoresho bishya biri hejuru yacyo, tuzaba twiteguye gufungura iperereza, ariko kuri ubu ibimenyetso byose biboneka byerekana ko byemewe. "[5]
Ibirego bitaremezwa
Hindura
Ibikurikira nibisobanuro bidashidikanywaho byubushyuhe bukabije hejuru yisi ya 56.7 ° C (134.1 ° F). Ibi birimo amateka yamateka atigeze yemezwa kubera ibikoresho byariho icyo gihe nibisabwa na siyansi bidafite gihamya. Gusoma amateur byakozwe no ku mbuga nkoranyambaga zavugaga ko ubushyuhe bukabije bwaje guteshwa agaciro. Amashusho yashyizwe kumurongo umwe bivugwa ko yerekanaga amatara yo kumuhanda ashonga cyangwa ibiti biturika. Nyuma byaje kuvuguruzwa n’abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere bahuza "ibimenyetso" n'ibindi bintu bidafitanye isano byabaye mbere. Amajwi yose yafashwe mbere ya 1972 ngo yaba yaratewe no kwiyongera gutunguranye kwubushyuhe bwikirere hafi yubuso, bizwi nkubushyuhe bukabije.
Itariki Ubushyuhe ° C / ° F Ubwoko bwaho Ibisobanuro
11 Nyakanga 1909 57.8 ° C (136 ° F) Air Cherokee, Oklahoma
(Amerika) Iyi mpanuka yanditswe saa tatu za mu gitondo (CT), kandi bivugwa ko yatumye ibihingwa byangirika muri ako gace.
6 Nyakanga 1949 70 ° C (158 ° F) Air Figueira da Foz, Coimbra
.
1960 60 ° C (140 ° F) Ikirere cya Kopperl, Texas
(Amerika) Bivugwa ko ubushyuhe bwatumye ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere bugera kuri 140 ° F (60 ° C), bikaba bivugwa ko byatumye ibihingwa by'ipamba byangirika kandi bikuma ibimera. [23]
6 Nyakanga 1966 58.5 ° C (137.3 ° F) Air San Luis RC, Sonora
(Mexico) Ibigo bishinzwe amakuru muri Mexico ukurikije ububiko bwa leta. [24] [25]
6 Nyakanga 1966 60 ° C (140.0 ° F) Air Mexicali, BC
(Mexico) Inyandiko yabitswe n'ikigo cya Leta cya Baja muri Leta ya Meteorologiya ivuga ko ubushyuhe bwa 58.5 ° C. yanditswe i San Luis, muri Sonora n'ikigo cyaho gishinzwe iteganyagihe (ibyinjira hejuru). Kuri uwo munsi, ikindi gipimo cyafatiwe mu muryango wa "El riito" muri Mexicali. Iki gipimo nticyigeze kirangira kuko gusoma byahagaze kuri 60 ° C kubera imbogamizi ya termometero yakoreshejwe.
Kamena 1967 86.7 ° C (188.1 ° F) Abadan utazwi
(Irani) Bivugwa ko ubushyuhe bwa 86.7 ° C (188.1 ° F) bwanditswe mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwatangiriye i Abadan, muri Irani.
15 Nyakanga 1972 93.9 ° C (201.0 ° F) Oasis ya Satelite mu kibaya cy'urupfu
(Amerika) Reba igice "Amateka" hejuru.
2005 70.7 ° C (159.3 ° F) Icyogajuru Dasht-e Lut
(Irani) Reba igice "Amateka" hejuru.
2008 66.8 ° C (152.2 ° F) Imisozi yaka umuriro
(Ubushinwa) Iki gisomwa cyapimwe mu misozi yaka umuriro mu Bushinwa mu 2008. [26]
2011 84 ° C (183 ° F) Icyambu cya Sudani
(Sudani) Bivugwa ko ubushyuhe bw’ubutaka bwa 84 ° C (183 ° F) bwafatiwe i Port Sudani, muri Sudani.
Gicurasi 2021 80.8 ° C (177.4 ° F) Satelite Dasht-e Lut, (Irani) &
Ubutayu bwa Sonoran, (Mexico) Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bwasohotse muri Gicurasi 2021 na Bulletin ya Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika y'ikirere.