Uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gihugu cya Angola

Kuva kera Angola yanenzwe cyane kubera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Raporo y’umwaka wa 2012 yakozwe na Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yagize iti: "Ibintu bitatu by’ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu [mu mwaka wa 2012] ni ruswa no kudahana; imipaka ku bwisanzure bwo guterana, kwishyira hamwe, kuvuga, no gutangaza amakuru; n'ibihano by'ubugome kandi birenze urugero, birimo ibibazo by’iyicarubozo no gukubitwa ndetse n’ubwicanyi butemewe n’abapolisi n’abandi bashinzwe umutekano.

Ibindi ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu birimo: imfungwa zikaze kandi zishobora guhungabanya ubuzima; gufata no gufunga bidatinze; gufungwa by'agateganyo; kudahana abahohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu; kutagira inzira y'ubucamanza no kudakora neza mu bucamanza; kuvutswa uburenganzira bw’abenegihugu no kwirukanwa ku gahato nta ndishyi; ivangura n'ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore; guhohotera abana; gucuruza abantu; ivangura rishingiye ku bumuga, abasangwabutaka, n'ababana na virusi itera SIDA; imipaka ku burenganzira bw'abakozi; n'imirimo y'agahato.^[1]

Amateka

Ingingo nyamukuru: Intambara y'abenegihugu ya Angola

Angola yahoze ikolonizwa na Porutugali, intambara yo kwigenga yabaye kuva 1961 kugeza 1975.

Nyuma ya Angola ibonye ubwigenge mu 1975, iki gihugu cyahise gihita cyinjira mu ntambara y'abenegihugu hagati y’umutwe uyobora rubanda uharanira kubohoza Angola (MPLA), wari ushyigikiwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti na Cuba, ndetse n'Ubumwe bw'igihugu ku bwigenge busesuye bwa Angola (UNITA), rushyigikiwe na Amerika na Afurika y'Epfo; ubu amakimbirane afatwa nkimwe mu ntambara zikomeye z’intambara y'ubutita, MPLA na UNITA zombi zakoresheje abasirikare b'abana. Intambara yarangiye mu 2002 itsinze MPLA, yatumye habaho ikibazo cy'ubutabazi mu gihugu; mu 2003, 80 ku ijana by'Abanya Angola ntibari bafite ubuvuzi bw'ibanze naho 60 ku ijana nta mazi bari bafite.^[2]

Nk’uko Freedom House ibitangaza, intambara y'abenegihugu yo muri Angola "yahitanye abantu bagera kuri miliyoni, yimura abantu barenga miliyoni enye, kandi ihatira igice kirenga miliyoni kugira ngo bahungire mu bihugu bituranye. Abantu benshi bimuwe basigaye badafite ubutaka, umutungo wibanze, cyangwa ibyangombwa bibaranga. Igikorwa cyo kwimura abantu cyadindijwe n’uko hari ibiturika bigera ku 500.000 ndetse n’ibikorwa remezo byangijwe n’intambara. Amatora y’abadepite, yatinze inshuro nyinshi kuva mu 1997, amaherezo yabaye muri Nzeri 2008. "^[3]

Angola, republika ishingiye ku itegekonshinga, iyobowe na MPLA kuva mu 1975, ibiro bya perezida ubu bifitwe na João Lourenço kuva mu 2017.^[4]

Uburenganzira shingiro

Mu gihe itegeko nshinga rya Angola n’amategeko abuza ivangura rishingiye ku bwoko, igitsina, idini, ubumuga, ururimi, cyangwa imibereho, guverinoma ntiyashyize mu bikorwa ibyo bibujijwe.^[1]

Ruswa ntiyemewe ariko ikwirakwizwa muri guverinoma ya Angola no mu bucuruzi; ntibikurikiranwa. Kwambura abantu benshi, kimwe na ruswa y'abayobozi ba leta mu bucuruzi. Amatora ya mbere nyuma y'intambara yabaye mu 2008, kandi yafatwaga nk'uburinganire muri rusange, nubwo guverinoma igenzura itangazamakuru yabihaye inyungu ikomeye ugereranije n'abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi. Perezida n’inama y’abaminisitiri bafite ububasha bunini, hamwe n’inama njyanama, mu izina rya perezida, bakora imirimo y’ubuyobozi n’amategeko. Ubusanzwe amategeko ategurwa na perezida n'Inama Njyanama kandi ashyikirizwa Inteko ishinga amategeko yatowe kugira ngo hashyirweho kashe.^[5] Ugushyingo 2011, abanyamuryango ba UNITA “basohotse mu mpaka z’abadepite ku bijyanye n’amategeko mashya agenga amatora y’amatora rusange ya 2012”, binubira ko “akubiyemo ingingo zinyuranyije n’amategeko”.^[6]

Muri Gicurasi 2012, Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu wasohoye raporo yiswe "'Nugaruka tuzakwica': Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina n'ihohoterwa rikorerwa abimukira b'Abanyekongo mu gihe cyo kwirukanwa muri Angola", aho ryasobanuye "uburyo buteye ubwoba bwo guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abagize inzego z’umutekano za Angola barwanya abimukira b’Abanyekongo. Abagore n’abakobwa bakunze gufungwa n’abana babo, bakorewe ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina harimo gufata ku ngufu, gusambanya ku gahato, no guhatirwa guhamya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abandi bagore n’abakobwa. Gukubita, gutesha agaciro no gufata nabi ubumuntu, gutabwa muri yombi uko bishakiye, no kwanga inzira ikwiye byakunze kugaragara mu gihe cyo gukusanya abimukira badafite ibyangombwa, no gufungwa mbere yo kubirukana. "^[7]

Ubuzima muri Angola buza ku mwanya mubi ku isi, kandi igice kinini cy’abaturage ni bo bitabwaho n’ubuvuzi bwa mbere.^[2]

Uburenganzira bw'umugore

Dukurikije itegeko nshinga rya Angola n’amategeko, abagore bafite uburenganzira bungana n’abagabo, ariko ivangura ry’abaturage rirakwirakwira cyane cyane hanze y’imijyi, kandi itegeko nyobozi ribuza abagore gukora imirimo imwe n'imwe.^[5]

Gufata ku ngufu, harimo no gufata ku ngufu abashakanye, bishobora guhanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka umunani, ariko imanza nyinshi ntizikurikiranwa kubera amikoro make. Ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo ryasobanuwe "gukwirakwira, cyane cyane mu mijyi"; kugeza muri Kamena 2011 inteko ishinga amategeko ya Angola yemeje itegeko rihana. Umubare munini w'abagore bakorerwa ihohoterwa runaka mbere yimyaka 15. Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina naryo rirakwirakwira kandi ntabwo ritemewe, ariko rishobora gukurikiranwa nko gusebanya cyangwa gukorerwa ihohoterwa.^[8]

Abagore, kimwe n'abasaza ndetse n'abana, rimwe na rimwe bakorerwa ihohoterwa n'abantu babashinja uburozi. Ibice nk'ibi birashobora kuviramo urupfu. Abapolisi ntibabigiramo uruhare kuko batinya ko bazabatera amarozi. Amajana na yo yiciwe mu mihango y'idini ikaze.^[9]

Kuringaniza imbyaro biremewe muri Angola.^[10]

Uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga

Ivangura rikorerwa abamugaye ntiryemewe, ariko ibi mubikorwa ntabwo byubahirizwa neza. Nta tegeko riteganya intebe y’ibimuga kugera ku nyubako cyangwa ubundi burinzi cyangwa serivisi ku bamugaye. Mu bamugaye muri Angola harimo abantu ibihumbi icumi bakomerekejwe n'ibiturika byo mu butaka.^[10]

Angola yemeje Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurengera ababana n'ubumuga mu Kuboza 2012 anashyiraho komisiyo ihuriweho na minisiteri ishinzwe gukurikirana ikoreshwa ryayo.^[11]

Uburenganzira bw'abasangwabutaka

Abahigi-gakondo bahiga ntaho bahuriye na societe ya Angola muri rusange cyangwa leta ya Angola, nubwo leta zintara zigira uruhare mubikorwa byo kunoza serivisi n’itumanaho.^[10]

Uburenganzira bwa VIH / SIDA

Birabujijwe kuvangura ababana na virusi itera SIDA, ariko kubuzwa ntabwo byubahirizwa.^[10] Nk’uko amakuru amwe abivuga, "abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA bahura n'ikibazo cyo gupfobya buri munsi.'' Inkomoko ivuga ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2003 ivuga ko "niba umucuruzi wo muri ako gace yari azwiho kuba yaranduye virusi itera sida, hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’urubyiruko rwose (kandi abarenga bibiri bya gatatu by’abatagira amashuri) bavuze ko banze kumugurira ibiryo. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, abarenze kimwe cya gatatu (kandi hafi bibiri bya gatatu by'abatagira amashuri) banze gusangira ifunguro n'umuntu wanduye virusi itera SIDA.''^[12]

Uburenganzira bw'impunzi n'abasaba ubuhunzi

Amategeko ya Angola yemerera gutanga ubuhungiro n’impunzi, kandi hashyizweho uburyo bwo kurinda impunzi.^[10]

Uburenganzira bwa LGBT

Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburenganzira bwa LGBT muri Angola

Raporo y’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya 2012 yasanze,

Iri tegeko rihana ibikorwa by’abahuje ibitsina, nubwo nta manza zavuzwe [muri 2012] z’iri tegeko zubahirizwa. Umushinga w’amategeko ahana yo gusimbuza amategeko yari asanzweho (yemejwe mu 1886 kandi, hamwe n’ivugururwa ryinshi, yari afite agaciro mu mpera zumwaka) yemejwe mu 2011.Umushinga w'amategeko, akoreshwa rimwe na rimwe n'inzego z'ubutabera, yemera uburenganzira bwo guhuza ibitsina. Itegekonshinga risobanura gushyingirwa nko hagati y'umugabo n'umugore. [Imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta] ... yatangaje umuryango muto w'abatinganyi, abaryamana bahuje ibitsina, abaryamana bahuje ibitsina, ndetse n’abahindura ibitsina (LGBT) i Luanda. Hari amakuru yihariye y’abashakanye bahuje ibitsina bahohoterwa n’abaturage babo. Nta ONG yari iharanira uburenganzira bw'umuryango wa LGBT.^[1]

Muri 2019, Angola yamaganye abaryamana bahuje ibitsina.^[13]

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204298.pdf

[:1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/30/world/angolans-come-home-to-negative-peace.html

[3] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20181211115409/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/angola

[4] ttps://www.dw.com/en/who-is-angolas-new-president-joao-lourenco/a-40218458

[:2-5] 5.0 ^5.1 https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm

[6] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20141231125509/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012

[7] ttps://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/21/angola-stop-rape-abuse-congolese-migrants

[8] ttps://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm

[9] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20141231125509/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012

[:3-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm

[11] ttps://allafrica.com/stories/201212140132.html

[12] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20130807035616/http://thebridgeuk-angola.org.uk/id21.html

[13] ttps://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2020

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]