Terefoni igendanwa
Terefone igendanwa (terefone ngendanwa,.) . Umuyoboro wa radiyo ushyiraho uburyo bwo guhinduranya sisitemu yo guhinduranya telefone igendanwa, itanga uburyo bwo kugera kumurongo rusange wa terefone (PSTN). Serivisi za terefone igezweho ikoresha imiyoboro ya terefone igendanwa bityo terefone zigendanwa zitwa terefone zigendanwa (cyangwa "terefone ngendanwa") muri Amerika ya Ruguru. Usibye kuri terefone, terefone igendanwa igendanwa yunganira izindi serivisi zitandukanye, nko kohereza ubutumwa bugufi, messagia messagIng, imeri, kwinjira kuri interineti (binyuze kuri LTE, 5G NR cyangwa Wi-Fi), itumanaho rito rigufi (infragre, Bluetooth), kwinjira kuri satelite (kugendagenda, guhuza ubutumwa), gusaba ubucuruzi, imikino yo kuri videwo no gufotora hakoreshejwe Digital. Terefone zigendanwa zitanga ubushobozi bwibanze gusa zizwi nka terefone ziranga; terefone zigendanwa zitanga ubushobozi buhanitse bwo kubara zitwa terefone zigendanwa.
Terefone igendanwa ya mbere yerekanwe na Martin Cooper wa Motorola mu mujyi wa New York mu 1973, akoresheje terefone ipima c. Ibiro 2 (ibiro 4,4). [2] Mu 1979, Nippon Telegraph na Terefone (NTT) yatangije umuyoboro wa mbere wa selile ku isi mu Buyapani. Mu 1983, DynaTAC 8000x niyo terefone igendanwa ya mbere yaboneka mu bucuruzi. Kuva mu 1983 kugeza 2014, isi yose abiyandikisha kuri terefone igendanwa biyongereye bagera kuri miliyari zirindwi; bihagije gutanga imwe kuri buri muntu kwisi. [4] Mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2016, abambere mu iterambere rya terefone ku isi ni Samsung, Apple na Huawei; igurishwa rya terefone ryerekanaga 78 ku ijana by'igurishwa rya terefone igendanwa. Kuri terefone ziranga (slang: "dumbphones") guhera mu 2016, ibicuruzwa byagurishijwe cyane ni Samsung, Nokia na Alcatel. [6]
Terefone zigendanwa zifatwa nkigihimbano cyingenzi cyabantu kuko cyabaye kimwe mubice bikoreshwa cyane kandi bigurishwa muburyo bwikoranabuhanga ryabaguzi. Ubwiyongere bw'icyamamare bwihuse ahantu hamwe, urugero nko mu Bwongereza umubare wa terefone zigendanwa warenze umubare w'amazu mu 1999. [8] Muri iki gihe, telefoni zigendanwa ziragaragara ku isi hose, [9] kandi hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibihugu by’isi, abaturage barenga 90% bafite nibura imwe.
Amateka[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Amateka ya terefone igendanwa
Martin Cooper wa Motorola, yerekanwe hano mu gikorwa cyo kwisubiraho mu 2007, yaterefonnye bwa mbere terefone igendanwa yamamaye kuri moderi ya DynaTAC ya prototype ku ya 3 Mata 1973.
Serivisi ya terefone igendanwa ya terefone igendanwa yatekerejwe mugihe cyambere cyo gukora radio. Mu 1917, umuhimbyi wo muri Finilande Eric Tigerstedt yatanze ipatanti kuri "terefone igendanwa mu mufuka na mikoro yoroheje cyane". Ababanjirije telefone ngendanwa harimo itumanaho rya radiyo ituruka mu mato na gari ya moshi. Irushanwa ryo gukora ibikoresho bya terefone byoroshye rwose ryatangiye nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, hamwe n'ibikorwa bibera mu bihugu byinshi. Iterambere rya terefone igendanwa ryagiye rikurikiranwa mu "bisekuruza" byakurikiranye, guhera kuri serivisi za zeroti zo hambere (0G), nka serivisi ya terefone igendanwa ya Bell Sisitemu hamwe n’umusimbuye, Serivisi ishinzwe telefone igendanwa. Sisitemu ya 0G ntabwo yari selile, yashyigikiraga guhamagarwa icyarimwe, kandi yari ihenze cyane.
Terefone ya mbere ya terefone ngendanwa yerekanwe na John F. Mitchell [11] [12] na Martin Cooper wa Motorola mu 1973, bakoresheje telefoni ipima ibiro 2 (4.4 lb). Umuyoboro wa mbere w’ubucuruzi wifashishijwe mu bucuruzi (1G) watangijwe mu Buyapani na Nippon Telegraph na Terefone mu 1979. Ibyo byakurikijwe mu 1981 no gutangiza icyarimwe sisitemu ya Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) muri Danimarike, Finlande, Noruveje, na Suwede. [13] Ibindi bihugu byinshi byaje gukurikira mu ntangiriro kugeza hagati ya 1980. Izi sisitemu zo mu gisekuru cya mbere (1G) zishobora gushyigikira icyarimwe icyarimwe ariko zikoresha tekinoroji ya selire.
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Mu 1991, tekinoroji ya selire ya kabiri (2G) yatangijwe muri Finlande na Radiolinja kurwego rwa GSM. Ibi byakuruye amarushanwa muri uyu murenge kuko abashoramari bashya bahanganye n’abakoresha imiyoboro ya 1G iriho. Igipimo cya GSM nigikorwa cyiburayi cyagaragaye muri CEPT ("Conférence Européenne des Postes et Telecommunications", inama y’amaposita n’itumanaho ry’iburayi). Ubufatanye bwa R&D bw’Ubufaransa n’Ubudage bwerekanye ko bishoboka tekiniki, maze mu 1987 hasinywa amasezerano y’ubwumvikane hagati y’ibihugu 13 by’Uburayi bemeye gutangiza serivisi y’ubucuruzi mu 1991. Igitabo cya mbere cy’ibipimo bya GSM (= 2G) cyari gifite impapuro 6.000. IEEE na RSE byahawe Thomas Haug na Philippe Dupuis James Clerk Maxwel 2018 l umudari kubwintererano zabo murwego rwa mbere rwa terefone igendanwa. Muri 2018, GSM yakoreshejwe n'abantu barenga miliyari 5 mu bihugu birenga 220. GSM (2G) yahindutse 3G, 4G na 5G. Urwego rusanzwe rwa GSM rwatangiriye kuri CEPT Itsinda Rikora GSM (Itsinda ryihariye rya mobile) mu 1982 munsi ya CEPT. Muri 1988, ETSI yashinzwe kandi ibikorwa byose bya CEPT byoherejwe muri ETSI. Itsinda ry'imirimo GSM ryabaye Komite Tekinike GSM. Mu 1991, yabaye Komite Tekinike SMG (Itsinda ryihariye rya mobile) igihe ETSI yahaye komite UMTS (3G).
Mu 2001, igisekuru cya gatatu (3G) cyatangijwe mu Buyapani na NTT DoCoMo ku gipimo cya WCDMA. Ibyo byakurikiwe na 3.5G, 3G + cyangwa turbo 3G byongerewe imbaraga hashingiwe kumuryango wihuta wihuta (HSPA), bituma imiyoboro ya UMTS igira umuvuduko mwinshi wo kohereza amakuru nubushobozi.
Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2009, byari bimaze kugaragara ko, mu gihe runaka, imiyoboro ya 3G izarengerwa no kwiyongera kwa porogaramu zikoresha umurongo mugari, nk'itangazamakuru ryamamaza. Kubera iyo mpamvu, inganda zatangiye gushakisha amakuru yatunganijwe mu buryo bwa tekinoroji yo mu gisekuru cya kane, isezeranya kuzamura umuvuduko kugera ku nshuro icumi hejuru ya tekinoroji ya 3G iriho. Ikoranabuhanga rya mbere ryaboneka mu bucuruzi ryemewe nka 4G ni igipimo cya WiMAX, cyatanzwe muri Amerika ya Ruguru na Sprint, hamwe na LTE, cyatangiwe bwa mbere muri Scandinavia na TeliaSonera.
5G ni ikoranabuhanga nijambo rikoreshwa mu mpapuro z’ubushakashatsi n’imishinga yerekana icyiciro gikurikiraho mu bipimo byitumanaho rya terefone igendanwa birenze 4G / IMT-Iterambere. Ijambo 5G ntabwo rikoreshwa kumugaragaro mubisobanuro cyangwa inyandiko zemewe nyamara byashyizwe ahagaragara namasosiyete yitumanaho cyangwa inzego zisanzwe nka 3GPP, Ihuriro rya WiMAX cyangwa ITU-R. Ibipimo bishya birenze 4G kuri ubu birategurwa ninzego zisanzwe, ariko muri iki gihe bigaragara nko munsi ya 4G, ntabwo ari ibisekuru bishya bigendanwa.