Inzara / Amapfa
Inzara ni ikibazo cy’ibura ry’ibiribwa, [1] [2] biterwa n’impamvu nyinshi zirimo intambara, impanuka kamere, kunanirwa kw’ibihingwa, ubusumbane bw’abaturage, ubukene bukabije, ibyago by’ubukungu cyangwa politiki ya leta. Iyi phenomenon ikunze guherekezwa cyangwa gukurikirwa nimirire mibi yakarere, inzara, icyorezo, ndetse nimpfu ziyongera. Umugabane wose utuwe kwisi wahuye nigihe cyinzara mumateka. Mu kinyejana cya 19 na 20, Aziya y'Amajyepfo n'Amajyepfo, ndetse n'Uburayi bwo mu Burasirazuba no Hagati, hapfuye abantu benshi. Impfu zatewe n'inzara zagabanutse cyane guhera mu myaka ya za 70, aho umubare wagabanutse kuva mu 2000. Kuva mu 2010, Afurika ni yo mugabane wibasiwe cyane n'isi kubera inzara.
Umugore, umugabo n'umwana, bose uko ari batatu bapfuye bazize inzara kubera inzara yo mu Burusiya yo mu 1921–1922
Ibisobanuro
Hindura
Nk’uko Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa ribitangaza, inzara iratangazwa igihe imirire mibi ikwirakwiriye, kandi igihe abantu batangiye gupfa bazize inzara bitewe no kutabona ibiryo bihagije, bifite intungamubiri. Ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ibiribwa byashyizwe mu byiciro bisobanura icyiciro cya 5 inzara y’ibura ry’ibiribwa bikabije bibaho iyo: [4] [5]
Nibura 20% by'ingo zo mu karere zihura n’ibura ry’ibiribwa bikabije bifite ubushobozi buke bwo guhangana; na
Ubwiyongere bw'imirire mibi ikabije ku bana burenga 30%; na
Umubare w'urupfu urenga abantu babiri ku bantu 10,000 ku munsi.
Gutangaza inzara nta nshingano zubahiriza Umuryango w’abibumbye cyangwa ibihugu bigize uyu muryango, ahubwo bifasha kwibanda ku isi yose kuri icyo kibazo.
Amateka
Hindura
Andi makuru: Urutonde rwinzara
Inzara yibasiwe ninzara yabaye ishingiro ryimiryango ikora ubuhinzi butunzwe nubuhinzi bwonyine. Inshuro n’inzara by’inzara byagiye bihinduka mu mateka, bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ibikenerwa mu biribwa, nk’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage, hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ibicuruzwa biterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe. Inzara yakuweho bwa mbere mu Buholandi no mu Bwongereza mu kinyejana cya 17, kubera ubucuruzi bw’ubuhinzi no gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bunoze bwo kongera umusaruro w’ibihingwa.
Kugabanuka kw'inzara
Hindura
Mu kinyejana cya 16 n'icya 17, gahunda ya feodal yatangiye gusenyuka, kandi abahinzi benshi bateye imbere batangira gufunga ubutaka bwabo no kongera umusaruro wabo wo kugurisha ibihingwa bisagutse ku nyungu. Aba nyir'ubutaka bwa capitaliste bahembaga abakozi babo amafaranga, bityo bakongera ubucuruzi bwa societe yo mucyaro. Mu isoko ry’umurimo rigenda rihiganwa, tekinike nziza yo kuzamura umusaruro w’umurimo yarushijeho guhabwa agaciro no guhembwa. Byari inyungu z'umuhinzi gutanga umusaruro ushoboka ku butaka bwabo kugira ngo bugurishwe mu turere twasabye icyo gicuruzwa. Batanze umusaruro usagutse wibihingwa byabo buri mwaka niba babishoboye.
Abahinzi batunzwe nabo barushijeho guhatirwa kwamamaza ibikorwa byabo kubera kongera imisoro. Imisoro yagombaga kwishyurwa leta nkuru mumafaranga yatumye abahinzi batanga umusaruro wo kugurisha. Rimwe na rimwe batangaga umusaruro w’inganda, ariko bakabona uburyo bwo kongera umusaruro wabo kugirango babone ibyo batunga ndetse ninshingano zabo. Abahinzi kandi bakoresheje amafaranga mashya mu kugura ibicuruzwa byakozwe. Iterambere ry’ubuhinzi n’imibereho ishishikarizwa kongera umusaruro w’ibiribwa ryagiye riba buhoro buhoro mu kinyejana cya 16, ariko ryatangiye mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17.
Mu myaka ya 1590, iyi nzira yateye imbere bihagije mu ntara ikize kandi y’ubucuruzi mu Buholandi kugira ngo abaturage bayo bahangane n’inzara rusange y’inzara mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba icyo gihe. Icyo gihe, Ubuholandi bwari bufite bumwe mu buryo bw’ubuhinzi bugurishwa cyane mu Burayi. Bakuze ibihingwa byinshi byinganda nka flax, hemp na hops. Ubuhinzi bwarushijeho kuba umwihariko kandi neza. Imikorere y’ubuhinzi bw’Abaholandi yatumye imijyi yihuta cyane mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya cumi na karindwi kurusha ahandi mu Burayi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umusaruro n'ubutunzi byariyongereye, bituma Ubuholandi bugumana ibiribwa bihamye.
Kugeza mu 1650, ubuhinzi bw'Ubwongereza nabwo bwari bwaracurujwe mu buryo bwagutse. Inzara yanyuma y'amahoro mu Bwongereza yabaye mu 1623-24. Haracyariho inzara, nko mu Buholandi, ariko nta nzara yigeze ibaho. Ahantu hasanzwe ho urwuri harafunzwe kugirango bikoreshwe kandi nini nini, imirima ikora neza yarahurijwe hamwe. Ibindi byateye imbere mu buhanga harimo kuvoma ibishanga, uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha imirima, no kwinjiza ibihingwa nganda. Iterambere ry’ubuhinzi ryatumye habaho iterambere ryinshi mu Bwongereza no kongera imijyi. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17, ubuhinzi bw'Ubwongereza ni bwo bwatanze umusaruro mwinshi mu Burayi. Mu Bwongereza no mu Buholandi, abaturage bahagaze neza hagati ya 1650 na 1750, igihe kimwe igihe habaye impinduka nini mubuhinzi. Inzara iracyagaragara mu tundi turere two mu Burayi. Mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba, inzara yabaye nko mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri.
Kugerageza kugabanya inzara
Skibbereen, Irilande mugihe cy'inzara ikomeye, 1847 ishusho ya James Mahony kubwamakuru ya Illustrated London
Kubera ubukana bw'inzara, cyari gihangayikishije cyane guverinoma ndetse n'abandi bayobozi. Mu Burayi bwabanjirije inganda, gukumira inzara, no guha ibiribwa ku gihe, byari bimwe mu bibazo by’ingutu za guverinoma nyinshi, nubwo byari bike cyane mu byo bahisemo bitewe n’ubucuruzi buke bw’ubucuruzi bwo hanze, ibikorwa remezo, ndetse na bureaucracy muri rusange ntibyari byoroshye. ubutabazi nyabwo. Guverinoma nyinshi zahangayikishijwe n'inzara kuko zishobora guteza imyigaragambyo n'ubundi buryo bwo guhungabanya imibereho.
Mu kinyejana cya 19 rwagati no gutangira impinduramatwara mu nganda, byashobokaga ko guverinoma zigabanya ingaruka z’inzara binyuze mu kugenzura ibiciro, kwinjiza ibicuruzwa byinshi mu biribwa ku masoko y’amahanga, guhunika, kugaburira, kugena umusaruro n’urukundo. Inzara ikomeye yo mu 1845 muri Irilande ni imwe mu nzara za mbere zagaragaje gutabara, nubwo leta yakunze gukemura ibibazo. Nk’uko F. S. L. Lyons yabitangaje ngo igisubizo cya mbere cya guverinoma y'Ubwongereza ku cyiciro cya mbere cy’inzara "cyihuse kandi cyagenze neza". Minisitiri w’intebe Sir Robert Peel yahuye n’ikibazo cy’ibura ry’ibihingwa mu mpeshyi yo mu 1845, yaguze muri Amerika rwihishwa ibihumbi 100 by’ibigori n’ibigori mu ibanga. Baring Brothers & Co yabanje gukora nk'abaguzi ba minisitiri wintebe. Guverinoma yizeye ko "batazahagarika imishinga y’abikorera" kandi ko ibikorwa byabo bitazabangamira ibikorwa by’ubutabazi byaho. Kubera ikirere, ibicuruzwa bya mbere ntabwo byageze muri Irilande kugeza mu ntangiriro za Gashyantare 1846. [11] Ibigori byibigori byongeye kugurishwa igiceri kimwe.
Mu 1846, Peel yimuye gukuraho Amategeko y'ibigori, amahoro ku ngano yatumaga igiciro cy'umugati kiri hejuru. Inzara yarushijeho kwiyongera mu 1846 kandi gukuraho amategeko y'ibigori muri uwo mwaka ntacyo byagize ngo bifashe Irilande ishonje; icyo cyemezo cyacitsemo ibice Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi no Kurengera Ibidukikije, bituma umurimo wa Peel ugabanuka. Muri Werurwe, Peel yashyizeho gahunda y'ibikorwa rusange muri Irilande.
Abantu bategereje gutabara inzara i Bangalore, mu Buhinde (uhereye ku makuru ya Illustrated London, 1877)
N'ubwo iyi ntangiriro itanga icyizere, ingamba zafashwe nuwasimbuye Peel, Lord John Russell, byagaragaye ko "bidahagije" mugihe ikibazo cyarushijeho kwiyongera. Minisiteri ya Russell yashyizeho imishinga rusange, kugeza mu Kuboza 1846 yakoresheje hafi miliyoni imwe ya Irlande kandi byagaragaye ko bidashoboka kuyiyobora. Guverinoma yatewe inkunga na laissez-faire yizera ko isoko rizatanga ibiryo bikenewe. Yahagaritse imirimo y’ibiribwa n’ubutabazi bya leta, ihinduka imvange y "ubutabazi bwo mu nzu" n "" hanze "; iyambere yatangwaga mu kazi binyuze mu mategeko akennye, iyanyuma ikoresheje igikoni cy'isupu.
Abafarashi bane ba Apocalypse, igicapo cyo mu 1887 cyakozwe n’umuhanzi w’Uburusiya Viktor Vasnetsov. Ishusho ibumoso cyangwa iburyo ni Urupfu, Inzara, Intambara, no gutsinda.
Kugerageza kuri gahunda yo gushyiraho urwego rukenewe rwo guhangana n’inzara byakozwe na Raj mu Bwongereza mu 1880. Mu rwego rwo gukemura byimazeyo ikibazo cy’inzara, Abongereza bashizeho komisiyo ishinzwe inzara y’Abahinde kugira ngo basabe ingamba guverinoma yasabwa gutera mu gihe habaye inzara. [16] [17] [18] Komisiyo y’inzara yasohoye umurongo ngenderwaho wa guverinoma n’amabwiriza yerekeye uburyo bwo guhangana n’inzara n’ibura ry’ibiribwa byitwa Kode y’inzara. Kode yinzara nayo yari imwe mu zagerageje bwa mbere guhanura inzara mu rwego rwo kugabanya ingaruka zayo. Amaherezo yaje gutorwa mu 1883 iyobowe na Lord Ripon.
Kode yashyizeho igipimo cya mbere cyinzara: hasobanuwe inzego eshatu z’ibura ry’ibiribwa: hafi-ubukene, ubukene, n’inzara. "Ubuke" bwasobanuwe nkimyaka itatu ikurikiranye yo kunanirwa kwibihingwa, umusaruro wibihingwa kimwe cya gatatu cyangwa kimwe cya kabiri gisanzwe, nabantu benshi mubibazo. "Inzara" yongeyeho izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibiribwa hejuru ya 140% bya "bisanzwe", urujya n'uruza rw'abantu bashaka ibiryo, ndetse n'impfu zikabije. [16] Komisiyo yagaragaje ko gutakaza umushahara biterwa no kubura akazi k'abakozi bakora mu buhinzi n'abanyabukorikori ari byo byateje inzara. Amategeko y’inzara yakoresheje ingamba zo gutanga akazi kuri ibi byiciro by’abaturage kandi yishingikiriza ku bikorwa rusange bifunguye kugira ngo abikore.
Ikinyejana cya 20
Mu kinyejana cya 20, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 70 kugeza kuri 120 bapfuye bazize inzara ku isi, muri bo abarenga kimwe cya kabiri bapfira mu Bushinwa, abagera kuri miliyoni 30 bapfa mu gihe cy'inzara yo mu 1958–1961, [20] bagera kuri miliyoni 10 muri Inzara y'Ubushinwa yo mu 1928–1930, na miliyoni zirenga ebyiri mu nzara y'Abashinwa yo mu 1942–1943, abandi babarirwa muri za miriyoni bazimira mu inzara mu majyaruguru no mu Bushinwa. Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zatakaje miliyoni 8 zavuzwe n'inzara y'Abasoviyeti yo mu 1932–33, irenga miliyoni mu nzara y'Abasoviyeti yo mu 1946–1947 na Siege ya Leningrad, miliyoni 5 mu nzara y'Abarusiya yo mu 1921–1922, n'izindi nzara. Java yapfuye miliyoni 2.5 mu gihe cy'Abayapani bigaruriye mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Izindi nzara yagaragaye cyane mu kinyejana ni inzara yo muri Bengaliya yo mu 1943, ituruka ku kuba Abayapani bigaruriye Birimaniya, bigatuma impunzi zinjira, ndetse no guhagarika ingano z’ibiribwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ndetse na guverinoma y’intara ya Bengali itangaza inzara, kandi gutabara ikigega, gushyiraho ibihano by’ibinyampeke n’ubwikorezi n’ubuyobozi bw’intara buturanye, kugira ngo babuze imigabane yabo kwimurirwa muri Bengaluru, kunanirwa gushyira mu bikorwa Ubuhinde bwagabanijwe n’ubuyobozi bukuru bwa Delhi, guhunika no kunguka n’abacuruzi, uburyo bwo gucunga ubutaka bwo hagati, gahunda ya Axis ihakana gahunda yo kwambura amato yigeze gukoreshwa mu gutwara ingano, ubuyobozi bwa Delhi bwashyize imbere gutanga, no gutanga ubuvuzi ku ngabo z’Ubuhinde z’Abongereza, abakozi b’intambara, ndetse n’abakozi ba Leta, hejuru y’abaturage muri rusange, ubushobozi buke n’ubujiji, na an Inama y'Abami Intambara yabanje gusiga ikibazo mubuyobozi bwa gikoloni kugirango gikemuke, kuruta l ocal ibihingwa byananiranye, hamwe na blight.
Kuva hejuru-ibumoso ugana hepfo-iburyo, cyangwa (mobile) kuva hejuru kugeza hasi: abana bazize inzara mu Buhinde (1943–44), Ubuholandi (1944–45), Nijeriya (1967–70), hamwe no gushushanya. y'umugore n'abana be mugihe cy'inzara ikomeye muri Irilande (1845–1849)
Inzara nkeya mu nzara zikomeye zo mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 ni: inzara ya Biafran mu myaka ya za 1960, inzara yatewe na Khmer Rouge muri Kamboje mu myaka ya za 70, inzara yo muri Koreya ya Ruguru yo mu myaka ya za 90, n'inzara yo muri Etiyopiya yo mu 1983–1985. Abagera kuri miliyoni 3 bapfuye bazize Intambara ya Kongo ya kabiri
Ibirori byanyuma byavuzwe kuri tereviziyo za televiziyo ku isi, bitwaje amashusho y’Abanyetiyopiya bishwe n’inzara bafite ibibazo byabo bishingiye kuri sitasiyo yo kugaburira hafi y’umujyi wa Korem. Ibi byashishikarije abantu benshi guhagarika inzara kwisi yose.
Umusomyi w'amakuru kuri BBC, Michael Buerk, yatanze ibisobanuro bitangaje ku byago byabaye ku ya 23 Ukwakira 1984, avuga ko ari "inzara yo muri Bibiliya". Ibi byatumye Band Aid single, yateguwe na Bob Geldof ikagaragaramo abastar barenga 20. Ibitaramo bya Live Aid byabereye i Londere na Philadelphia byakusanyije amafaranga menshi kubitera. Abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi amagana bapfuye mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe bazize inzara, ariko kumenyekanisha Live Aid byatumye bashishikariza ibihugu by’iburengerazuba kubona ingano zisagutse kugira ngo ikibazo cy’inzara gikemuke muri Afurika.
Zimwe mu nzara zo mu kinyejana cya 20 zagize uruhare muri politiki za guverinoma, harimo guhahamuka no gusimbuza abaturage b’amoko batizeye mu turere tw’ingirakamaro, bigatuma uturere dushobora kwibasirwa n’ibitero bigoye kugengwa n’imbaraga z’abanzi no kwimurira umutwaro w’ibura ry’ibiribwa mu turere aho u umubabaro w’abaturage wateje ibyago bike by’ubutegetsi bubi butemewe n'amategeko.
Ikinyejana cya 21
Hindura
Reba kandi: COVID-19 inzara ziterwa nicyorezo hamwe nibibazo byibiribwa 2022–2023
Kugeza mu 2017, impfu zose zatewe n'inzara zari zagabanutse cyane. Fondasiyo y’amahoro ku isi yatangaje ko kuva mu 1870 kugeza mu myaka ya za 70, inzara ikomeye yahitanye abantu bagera ku 928.000 ku mwaka. Kuva mu 1980, impfu z'umwaka zari zaragabanutse kugera ku kigereranyo cya 75.000, munsi ya 10% y'ibyo bari bameze kugeza mu myaka ya za 70. Iri gabanuka ryagezweho nubwo abantu bagera ku 150.000 bahasize ubuzima mu nzara yo muri Somaliya 2011. Nyamara mu 2017, Loni yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko inzara yagarutse muri Afurika, aho abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 20 bashobora guhitanwa n'inzara mu majyaruguru ya Nijeriya, muri Sudani y'Amajyepfo, Yemeni, no muri Somaliya.
Ku ya 20 Mata 2021, imiryango amagana atabara hirya no hino ku isi yandikiye ikinyamakuru The Guardian ibaruwa ifunguye, iburira ko abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bo muri Yemeni, Afuganisitani, Etiyopiya, Sudani y'Amajyepfo, Burkina Faso, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, Honduras, Venezuwela, Nijeriya, Haiti, Repubulika ya Centrafrique, Uganda, Zimbabwe na Sudani bahuye n'inzara. Amashyirahamwe arimo Inama mpuzamahanga y’ibigo bishinzwe ubushake na gahunda y’ibiribwa ku isi yagize ati: "Abakobwa n’abahungu, abagabo n’abagore, bicishijwe inzara n’amakimbirane n’urugomo; kubera ubusumbane; n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere; kubera gutakaza ubutaka, akazi ka ibyifuzo; mu kurwanya Covid-19 yabasize inyuma cyane. " Amatsinda yihanangirije ko inkunga yagabanutse, mu gihe amafaranga yonyine atazaba ahagije wenyine. Bavuze ko guverinoma zigomba kugira uruhare mu guca amakimbirane no guharanira ko ikiremwamuntu kigerwaho. Bongeyeho bati: "Niba nta gikorwa gifashwe, ubuzima buzahomba. Inshingano yo gukemura iki kibazo ni ibihugu".
Mu Gushyingo 2021, Gahunda y’ibiribwa ku isi yatangaje ko miliyoni 45 z’abantu "bariye inzara ku nkeke y’inzara" mu ntara 43 s, kandi ko ihungabana ryoroheje ryabasunika hejuru yimvura. Uyu mubare wariyongereye uva kuri miliyoni 42 mbere ya 2021, uva kuri miliyoni 27 muri 2019. [28] Igitangaje na gito - cyaba ikirere gikabije kijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, amakimbirane, cyangwa imikoranire yica abashoferi bombi bashonje - bishobora gutuma abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni babarirwa mu kaga kadasubirwaho, ibyo bikaba ikigo cyari kimaze umwaka urenga kiburira. Afuganisitani yari irimo kuba ikibazo gikomeye cy’ubutabazi ku isi, aho iki gihugu gikeneye kirenze icy'ibindi bihugu byibasiwe cyane - Etiyopiya, Sudani y'Amajyepfo, Siriya ndetse na Yemeni.