Imyandikire y'Amarenga y'intoki y'Abanyamerika
Imyandikire y'Amarenga y'Abanyamerika ( AMA ) ni inyuguti y'intoki yongerera amagambo y'ururimi rw'amarenga y'abafite ubumuga b'Abanyamerika .
Inzandiko n'imibare
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]Inyuguti n'imibare byashyizweho umukono k'uburyo bukurikira. Mu buryo butemewe, ibiganza by'intoki ntabwo bikozwe neza nkuko biri mu buryo busanzwe.
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Imyandikire y'intoki ishobora gukoreshwa ku maboko yombi, mubusanzwe ikiganza cyiganje ni ukuvuga ukuboko kw'iburyo kuburyo bw'iburyo, ukuboko kwi bumoso k'ubumoso. Kenshi na kenshi, inyuguti z'intoki zashyizweho umukono munsi y'igitugu cyiganjemo umukono. Iyo ikoreshejwe mu bindi bimenyetso cyangwa m'urwego ibyo bidashoboka, iri tegeko rusange rirashobora kwirengagizwa. [1]
J na Z birimo kugenda. J ninjye ufite impinduramatwara y'intoki, ku buryo urutoki ruto rukurikirana umurongo w'uburyo bwanditse bw'inyuguti, Z ni urutoki rwerekanwe inyuma n'inyuma, ku buryo urutoki rukurikirana imiterere ya zig-zag y'inyuguti Z. Izi "tracings" zombi zakozwe nkuko bigaragara kubasinyiye niba ari ukuboko kw'iburyo, nkuko bigaragazwa n'amashusho ari muri ibi ingingo. Iyo wasinywe n'ikiganza cy'ibumoso, icyerekezo kiri mu mashusho y'indorerwamo, kubw'ibyo ntibisubizwa kubareba. Ariko, abasinya neza ntibakeneye "gusoma" imiterere yibi bikorwa. [2]
Mu bishushanyo byinshi cyangwa amashusho yerekana Inyuguti mfashanyigisho y'Abanyamerika, zimwe mu nyuguti zerekanwa kuva kuruhande kugira ngo zerekane neza imiterere y'intoki. Kurugero, inyuguti G na H zerekanwa kenshi k'uruhande kugira ngo zerekane umwanya w'intoki. Ariko, basinyishije ukuboko mumwanya udafite aho ubogamiye, ikiganza cyerekeje k'uruhande n'intoki zerekeza imbere.
Inyuguti nyinshi zifite imiterere y'intoki imwe, kandi itandukanijwe n'icyerekezo. Izi ni "h" na "u", "k" na "p" igikumwe ku rutoki rwo hagati, "g" na "q" kandi, mu buryo butemewe, "d" na "g / q". Mu gusinya byihuse, "n" itandukanijwe na "h / u" icyerekezo. Inyuguti "a" na "s" zifite icyerekezo kimwe, kandi zirasa cyane mu buryo. Igikumwe kiri k'uruhande rw'ikiganza mu nyuguti "a", imbere ya "s". Iyo ikoreshejwe mu magambo y'icyongereza yanditseho n'urutoki, inyuguti z'intoki zishobora kwerekanwa ukundi kuruta niba zihagarara zonyine. [1]
Injyana, umuvuduko no kugenda
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]Iyo urutoki, n'ikiganza kiri m'urwego rwo hejuru, ntabwo isunika hamwe na buri baruwa. Inyuguti ebyiri mu ijambo zashyizweho umukono mu buryo butandukanye, binyuze m'ukuboko kw'amaboko, kunyerera kw'amaboko, cyangwa gusubiramo ikimenyetso cy'urwandiko. [3] Inzandiko zashyizweho umukono ku muvuduko uhoraho, kuruhuka imikorere nk'ijambo rigabanya . Ibaruwa ya mbere ishobora gufatwa kuburebure bw'inyuguti y'inyongera nk'ibisobanuro uwasinye ari hafi gutangira gutunga urutoki.
Gukoresha
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]Urutoki rukoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutiza amagambo mu cyongereza. Ubusanzwe ikoreshwa gusa mu bihe byihariye. Ibikurikira ni amagambo ashobora gukenera kwandikwa n'urutoki, amazina akwiye, amazina y'ikirango, amazina y'ikibanza, nandi magambo yose adafite ikimenyetso gisanzwe. [4] Mu bindi bihe, koresha urutoki gake.
Guhinduka no gutandukana mu bitabo by'intoki
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]Kimwe n'izindi ndimi, Ururimi rw'amarenga rw'abanyamerika ruhora rutera imbere. Mu gihe impinduka z'intoki zidashoboka, impinduka nke ziracyagaragara mu gihe. Imyandikire y'intoki irasa uyumunsi kuruta uko byari bimeze mumyaka mirongo ishize. Urugero rw'ibanze rw'ubu buryo bwo guhinduka ruboneka muri "gutaka 'E'". Ibisekuru byakera by'abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva baracyashimangira ko ishusho ya "E" isaba ko igikumwe gikora inama y'intoki nintoki zo hagati. Hagati aho, ibisekuru bikiri bito bitangiye kubyara ishusho itandukanya igikumwe n'izindi ntoki k'uruhande rwo hasi rw'ikigazi.
Icyongereza n'inyuguti z'intoki
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]Kubera ko urutoki rwatunganijwe mbere m'urwego rwo kwinjiza ururimi rw'icyongereza mururimi rw'amarenga, bifitanye isano rya bugufi n'icyongereza. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko abatumva batunganya uburyo bwo gusoma no gutunga urutoki kimwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, gutunga urutoki byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku gusoma no kutumva abana. Uyu mwanzuro waremewe cyane, ariko habayeho impaka zishingiye ku buryo bwo kwigisha bukoresha neza iyo sano. [5]
Ururimi rw'amarenga na Fonetika yarwo
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]Fonetika ntabwo igomba guhagarikwa kumvugo gusa ariko ishobora no gukoreshwa mu gihe wasinyiye abandi. Iyo usinya, imvugo y'umuntu ishobora kumenya cyane ibizava mubyo bagerageza kuvugana n'undi muntu. K'urugero, niba uwasinye yagerageje gusinyira ko basaze, bakoreshaga mu maso hamwe n'ururimi rw'umubiri kugira ngo bamenye neza uko bamerewe. N'ubwo imvugo ivugwa nayo ikoresha ubu buryo bwo kwerekana, ntabwo bashingirwaho cyane nk'ururimi rw'amarenga. Imvugo y'imvugo mvugo n'ururimi rw'amarenga birasa kuko imvugo ivugwa ikoresha ijwi ry'ijwi kugira ngo umenye uko umuntu ameze kandi ururimi rw'amarenga rukoresha isura yo mu maso kugira ngo umenye uko umuntu ameze. Fonetika byanze bikunze bifitanye isano n'ururimi ruvugwa gusa ariko irashobora no gukoreshwa m'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'abanyamerika (ASL). Iyo winjiye muri ASL, abantu ntibasinya amagambo nkuko yavuzwe. Isano iri hagati y'imvugo ivugwa na ASL iratandukanye kuko hariho isano hagati y'ibimenyetso bimwe n'amagambo yabo kandi bigasinywa ukundi kuko ASL itashyizweho umukono nkuko bivugwa. [6] [7]
Ikarita igaragaza
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Amashakiro
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 . p. 66.
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(help) - ↑ "ASL.Land". asl.land. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
- ↑ : 439–457.
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(help) - ↑ Brentari, Diane (2019). "Sign Language Phonology". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
- ↑ Crasborn, Onno (2019). "Phonetics, Phonology, and Prosody" (PDF). Retrieved November 20, 2023.