Ibipimo by' umwanda womukirere (Air pollution measurement)
Ibipimo byumwuka mubi mu ikirere ni inzira yo gukusanya no gupima ibice byangiza ikirere, cyane cyane imyuka n'ibice . Ibikoresho bya mbere byakoreshwaga mu gupima umwanda harimo gupima imvura (mu bushakashatsi bw’imvura ya aside ), imbonerahamwe ya Ringelmann yo gupima umwotsi, hamwe na soot yoroshye hamwe n’abakusanya ivumbi bizwi nko kubitsa . [1] Ibipimo bigezweho byangiza ikirere byikora kandi bigakorwa hifashishijwe ibikoresho nubuhanga butandukanye. Izi ntera ziva mubikoresho byoroshye byo kwipimisha bizwi kwizina rya diffuzione unyuze mubyuma bihanitse cyane bya chimique na physique bitanga ibipimo byumwanda mugihe nyacyo, bikoreshwa mugutanga ibipimo byubuziranenge bwikirere .
Akamaro ko gupimwa[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Guhumanya ikirere biterwa nibintu byinshi. Mu bidukikije byo mu mijyi, irashobora kuba irimo ibice byinshi, cyane cyane ibice bikomeye kandi byamazi (nka soot iva kuri moteri hamwe n ivu ryisazi riva mumuriro), hamwe na gaze nyinshi zitandukanye (cyane cyane dioxyde de sulfure, okiside ya azote, na monoxyde de carbone, byose bijyanye na lisansi gutwikwa ). Ubu buryo butandukanye bwanduye bugira ingaruka zitandukanye kubuzima bwabantu, ku isi karemano (amazi, ubutaka, ibihingwa, ibiti, nibindi bimera), no kubidukikije byubatswe. [2] Gupima ihumana ry’ikirere nintambwe yambere yo kumenya ibitera hanyuma ukagabanya cyangwa ukabigenzura kugira ngo ikirere cy’ikirere kigabanuke mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko (giteganijwe n’ubuyobozi nk’ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika) cyangwa amabwiriza ngishwanama yatanzwe n’inzego nka Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO) . [3] WHO ivuga ko imijyi irenga 6000 yo mu bihugu 117 ubu isanzwe ikurikirana ubwiza bw’ikirere cyayo. [4]
Ibipimo byoroshye kandi bifatika[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Guhumanya ikirere (muri rusange) bipimwa muburyo bubiri butandukanye, byoroshye cyangwa bikora. [5]
Ibipimo byoroshye[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
bikoresho bya pasitive biroroshye kandi birahendutse. [6] Bakora mukunyunyuza cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gukusanya icyitegererezo cyumwuka wibidukikije, hanyuma kigomba gusesengurwa muri laboratoire. Bumwe mu buryo bukunze kugaragara mu gupima pasiporo ni umuyoboro wa diffuzione, usa n'umuyoboro wa laboratoire wapimwe kandi ugafatirwa ku kintu kimeze nk'itara ry'itara kugira ngo ryinjize imyuka imwe cyangwa myinshi yihariye ihumanya inyungu. Nyuma yigihe runaka, umuyoboro umanurwa hanyuma woherezwa muri laboratoire kugirango isesengurwe. Ibipimo byo kubitsa, bumwe muburyo bwa kera bwo gupima umwanda, nubundi bwoko bwibikoresho bya pasiporo. [7] Nibisumizi binini bikusanya soot cyangwa ibindi bice hanyuma bikabijugunya mumacupa yintangarugero, bigomba kongera gusesengurwa muri laboratoire.
References[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
- ↑ Brimblecombe, Peter (1987). The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times. Routledge. pp. 136–160. ISBN 9781136703294.
- ↑ https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Air_Pollution_and_Global_Warming/UeGlmU2F8_8C
- ↑ https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Monitoring_Ambient_Air_Quality_for_Healt/TiG4ihk97b4C
- ↑ https://airqualitynews.com/2022/04/04/over-6000-cities-now-monitor-air-quality-who-reveals/
- ↑ https://airquality.gov.wales/about-air-quality/monitoring/monitoring-methodologies
- ↑ https://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2011/01001/Passive_Air_Sampling__Advantages,_Limitations,_and.383.aspx
- ↑ Brimblecombe, Peter (1987). The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times. Routledge. pp. 147–160. ISBN 9781136703294.