Guhumana kw' Ikirere
Guhumana kw' ikirere
ni ukwanduza ikirere bitewe no kuba hari ibintu byangiza ikirere byangiza ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibindi binyabuzima, cyangwa bikangiza ikirere cyangwa ibikoresho. [1] Nukwanduza no mu nzu cyangwa hanze kuzengurutse haba mubikorwa bya shimi, ibintu byumubiri cyangwa ibinyabuzima bihindura ibintu biranga ikirere. [2] Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwimyuka ihumanya ikirere, nka gaze (harimo ammonia, monoxide carbone, dioxyde de sulfure, okiside ya nitrous, metani, dioxyde de carbone na chlorofluorocarbone), uduce (haba kama n’ibinyabuzima), na molekile y’ibinyabuzima. Ihumana ry’ikirere rishobora gutera abantu indwara, allergie, ndetse n’urupfu ku bantu; irashobora kandi kwangiza ibindi binyabuzima nk’inyamaswa n’ibihingwa by’ibiribwa, kandi bishobora kwangiza ibidukikije (urugero, imihindagurikire y’ikirere, kugabanuka kwa ozone cyangwa kwangirika kw'imiturire) cyangwa ibidukikije byubatswe (urugero, imvura ya aside). [3] Ihumana ry’ikirere rishobora guterwa nibikorwa byabantu nibintu bisanzwe.
Ubwiza bw’ikirere bufitanye isano rya hafi n’ikirere cy’isi n’ibinyabuzima ku isi. benshi mu bagize uruhare mu guhumanya ikirere na bo ni isoko y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni ukuvuga gutwika amavuta y’ibimera.
Ihumana ry’ikirere ni ikintu gikomeye cy’indwara ziterwa n’umwanda, harimo indwara zandurira mu myanya y'ubuhumekero, indwara z'umutima, COPD, inkorora na kanseri y'ibihaha. [Ibimenyetso bigenda byiyongera byerekana ko ihumana ry’ikirere rishobora kuba rifitanye isano no kugabanya amanota ya IQ, kutamenya neza, ibyago byinshi by’indwara zo mu mutwe nko kwiheba [8] ndetse n’ubuzima bubi bwa perinatal.] bigera kure, ariko cyane cyane bigira ingaruka kumyanya yubuhumekero yumubiri hamwe na sisitemu yumutima. Umuntu ku giti cye ku myuka ihumanya ikirere biterwa n'ubwoko bwanduye umuntu ahura nazo, urugero rw'imiterere, hamwe n'ubuzima bw'umuntu ndetse na genetiki.
Ihumana ry’ikirere ryo hanze riterwa no gukoresha peteroli y’ibinyabuzima ryonyine ritera abantu ~ miliyoni 3.61 bapfa buri mwaka, bigatuma riba umwe mu bagize uruhare runini mu rupfu rw’abantu, [6] [13] hamwe na ozone ya antropogene na PM2.5 bitera ~ miliyoni 2.1. ] Muri rusange, ihumana ry’ikirere ritera impfu z’abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 7 ku isi buri mwaka, cyangwa ku isi hose bivuze ko umuntu yatakaje igihe cyo kubaho (LLE) cy’imyaka 2.9, [16] kandi ni cyo kibazo kinini ku isi cyangiza ubuzima bw’ibidukikije, kikaba kitaragaragaje iterambere rikomeye. kuva byibura 2015. Ihumana ry’ikirere mu ngo hamwe n’ubuziranenge bw’ikirere bwo mu mijyi byashyizwe ku rutonde rw’ibibazo bibiri by’isi byangiza isi ku isi muri raporo ya 2008 y’ikigo cya Blacksmith Institute ku isi cyanduye cyane. Umubare w’ibibazo bihumanya ikirere ni munini: 90% byabatuye isi bahumeka umwuka mubi ku rugero runaka. Nubwo ingaruka zubuzima ari nyinshi, uburyo ikibazo gikemurwa bifatwa nkibidashoboka cyangwa birengagijwe.
Gutakaza umusaruro hamwe nubuzima bwangirika bwatewe n’umwanda w’ikirere bivugwa ko bizatwara ubukungu bw’isi miliyoni 5 z'amadolari y’Amerika ku mwaka ibikorwa bya muntu, nubwo rimwe na rimwe bigengwa mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro kandi bigakurikiranwa. Uburyo butandukanye bwo kurwanya umwanda n’ingamba birahari kugira ngo ikirere kigabanuke. Hashyizweho amategeko menshi mpuzamahanga ndetse n’igihugu kugira ngo agabanye ingaruka mbi ziterwa n’ikirere. Amategeko y’ibanze, iyo akozwe neza, yatumye habaho iterambere ryinshi mubuzima rusange. Zimwe muri izo mbaraga zagenze neza ku rwego mpuzamahanga, nka Protokole ya Montreal, [33] yagabanije irekurwa ry’imiti yangiza ya ozone yangiza, na Protokole ya Helsinki yo mu 1985, [34] yagabanyije imyuka y’umwuka, [35] mu gihe izindi , nk'ibikorwa mpuzamahanga ku bijyanye n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere,ntibyagenze neza.