Gucuruza abantu
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Gucuruza abantu ni ubucuruzi bwabantu hagamijwe imirimo y'agahato, ubucakara, cyangwa gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku mucuruzi cyangwa abandi. [1] Ibi birashobora kuba bikubiyemo guha uwo mwashakanye murwego rwo gushyingirwa ku gahato, [3] [4] [5] cyangwa gukuramo ingingo cyangwa ingirangingo, [6] [7] harimo no gusama no gukuramo ova. Gucuruza abantu birashobora kugaragara mu gihugu cyangwa mu mahanga. Gucuruza abantu nicyaha cyibasiye umuntu kubera guhonyora uburenganzira bw’uwahohotewe bwo kugenda binyuze ku gahato no kubera ubucuruzi bwabo. Gucuruza abantu ni ubucuruzi mu bantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana, kandi ntibisobanura ko byanze bikunze umuntu yimuka ava ahantu hamwe akajya ahandi. [10]
Abantu ba magendu (nanone bita magendu y'abantu na magendu y'abimukira) ni imyitozo ifitanye isano irangwa no kwemererwa na magendu. Ibicuruzwa bya magendu birashobora kuva mu icuruzwa ry’abantu binyuze ku gahato no kubakoresha. Abantu bacuruzwa bafatirwa kubushake bwabo binyuze mubikorwa byagahato, bagahatirwa gukorera cyangwa gutanga serivisi kubacuruza cyangwa abandi.
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Ishami mpuzamahanga ryita ku murimo (ILO) rivuga ko imirimo y'agahato yonyine (kimwe mu bigize icuruzwa ry'abantu) yinjiza inyungu zigera kuri miliyari 150 z'amadolari ku mwaka guhera mu 2014. [14] Muri 2012, ILO yagereranije ko miliyoni 21 zahohotewe zafatiwe mu bucakara bwa none. Muri bo, miliyoni 14.2 (68%) bakoreshejwe imirimo, miliyoni 4.5 (22%) bakoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina, naho miliyoni 2.2 (10%) bakoreshwa imirimo y'agahato yashyizweho na Leta. Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku murimo watangaje ko abakozi b'abana, abato, n'abimukira badasanzwe bafite ibyago byinshi byo gukoreshwa nabi cyane. Imibare irerekana ko kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni 215 z'abakozi bakiri bato ku isi bigaragara ko bari mu mirenge iteje akaga, harimo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ku gahato no gusabiriza ku gahato. Bavuga ko amoko mato hamwe n’amatsinda y’abantu bahejejwe inyuma cyane bakorera cyane mu nzego zimwe na zimwe zikoreshwa cyane kandi zangiza, nko gutunganya uruhu, gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, ndetse no gucukura amabuye.
Gucuruza abantu n’inganda ya gatatu mu bucuruzi bw’ibyaha ku isi, inyuma y’ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge n’icuruzwa ry’intwaro, kandi ni cyo gikorwa cyihuta cyane cy’imitwe yitwara gisirikare ihuza ibihugu. [18] [19] [20]
Icuruzwa ry'abantu ryamaganwa nko guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu n'amasezerano mpuzamahanga. Byongeye kandi, icuruzwa ry’abantu rigomba gukurikizwa mu Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Dukurikije inyandiko za 2018 na 2019 zasohotse buri mwaka Raporo y’icuruzwa ry’abantu yatanzwe na Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Amerika: Biyelorusiya, Irani, Uburusiya, na Turukimenisitani bikomeje kuba mu bihugu bibi cyane mu bijyanye no kurinda umutekano w’icuruzwa ry’abantu n’imirimo ikoreshwa ku gahato. [10] [22]
Ibisobanuro
Hindura
Umunsi w'isi wo kurwanya icuruzwa ry'abantu
Nubwo icuruzwa ry’abantu rishobora kugaragara ku nzego z’ibanze cyangwa iz'imbere mu gihugu, rifite ingaruka ku rwego mpuzamahanga, nk'uko byemejwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye muri Porotokole yo gukumira, guhashya no guhana icuruzwa ry'abantu, cyane cyane abagore n'abana (nanone ryitwa Protokole yo gucuruza cyangwa Palermo) Protokole), amasezerano mpuzamahanga ashingiye ku Masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye arwanya ibyaha byateguwe n’amahanga (CTOC) yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 25 Ukuboza 2003. Porotokole ni imwe muri eshatu zuzuza CTOC. Amasezerano yo gucuruza n’igikoresho cya mbere ku isi, cyemewe n'amategeko mu gucuruza mu gihe kirenga igice cy’ikinyejana, kandi kikaba ari cyo cyonyine gifite ibisobanuro byemeranijweho ku bijyanye no gucuruza abantu. Imwe mu ntego zayo ni ukorohereza ubufatanye mpuzamahanga mu iperereza no gukurikirana ubwo bucuruzi. Ikindi ni ukurinda no gufasha abahohotewe n’abantu bubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo nkuko bigaragara mu Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Amasezerano yo gucuruza, yari afite abayashyizeho umukono 117 kandi guhera mu Gushyingo 2018, amashyaka 173, [24] asobanura ko icuruzwa ry’abantu ari:
(a) yumwanya wintege nke cyangwa gutanga cyangwa kwakira ubwishyu cyangwa inyungu kugirango ugere kubwumvikane bwumuntu ufite kugenzura undi muntu, agamije kubikoresha. Ubusambo bukubiyemo, byibuze, gukoresha cyangwa uburaya bwabandi cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina, imirimo y'agahato cyangwa serivisi, uburetwa cyangwa ibikorwa bisa n'ubucakara, uburetwa cyangwa kuvanaho, gukoresha cyangwa gushyira ingingo;
(b) Uruhushya rw’uwahohotewe mu bantu ku bikorwa bigamije gukoreshwa mu gika cya (a) cy’iyi ngingo ntaho bihuriye n’aho hakoreshejwe uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose buvugwa mu gika (a);
(c) Gushaka, gutwara, kwimura, kubakira cyangwa kwakira umwana hagamijwe kubakoresha bifatwa nk "gucuruza abantu" ndetse niba ibi bitarimo uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose buvugwa mu gika (a) cy'iyi ngingo;
(d) "Umwana" bivuga umuntu uwo ari we wese uri munsi yimyaka cumi n'umunani.
Amafaranga yinjira
Hindura
Mu mwaka wa 2014, Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku murimo wagereranije miliyari 150 z'amadolari y'inyungu y’umwaka yaturutse ku mirimo y'agahato yonyine.
Ikoreshwa ry'ijambo
Hindura
Abaharanira gucuruza abantu kuri 10 Downing Street, London
Abantu bacuruzwa bafatirwa kubushake bwabo binyuze mubikorwa byagahato, bagahatirwa gukorera cyangwa gutanga serivisi kubacuruza cyangwa abandi. Akazi cyangwa serivisi birashobora kuba bikubiyemo ikintu cyose uhereye ku mirimo ifitanye isano cyangwa ku gahato kugeza ku bucuruzi bw'imibonano mpuzabitsina. [1] Gahunda irashobora kuba yubatswe nkamasezerano yakazi, ariko nta kwishyura cyangwa make, cyangwa kumagambo akoreshwa cyane. Rimwe na rimwe, gahunda itunganijwe nk'ubucakara bw'umwenda, uwahohotewe atemerewe cyangwa adashobora kwishyura umwenda.
Imirimo ifitanye isano, cyangwa uburetwa bw'umwenda, birashoboka ko aribwo buryo butazwi cyane bwo gucuruza abakozi muri iki gihe, kandi ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu bucakara bw'abantu. Abahohotewe bahinduka "ingwate" mugihe imirimo yabo, umurimo ubwabo bahaye akazi nibicuruzwa bifatika baguze bisabwa nkuburyo bwo kwishyura inguzanyo cyangwa serivisi bitarasobanuwe neza, cyangwa aho agaciro kabo bahohotewe 'serivisi ntabwo zikoreshwa mu iseswa ry'umwenda. Muri rusange, agaciro kakazi kabo karenze umubare wambere wamafaranga "yatijwe".
Imirimo y'agahato ni ibihe abantu bahatirwa gukora kubushake bwabo babangamiwe n’ihohoterwa cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo guhanwa; umudendezo wabo urabujijwe kandi hashyizweho urwego rwa nyirubwite. Umuryango mpuzamahanga w'abakozi uvuga ko abagabo n'abagore bafite ibyago byo gucuruzwa kubera imirimo idafite ubuhanga, ku isi yose yinjiza miliyari 31 z'amadolari y'Amerika. Ubwoko bw'imirimo y'agahato bushobora kubamo uburetwa bwo mu rugo, imirimo y'ubuhinzi, imirimo yo mu ruganda rwa swatshop, isuku, serivisi y'ibiribwa n'indi mirimo ikora inganda, no gusabiriza. Bimwe mu bicuruzwa bishobora kubyara imirimo y'agahato ni: imyenda, kakao, amatafari, ikawa, ipamba, na zahabu.
Umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe abinjira n'abasohoka (IOM), ikigo kimwe rukumbi ku isi gitanga serivisi ku bahohotewe, raporo zivuga ko umubare w’imanza ziyongera aho abahohotewe bakorerwa imirimo y'agahato. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2012 bugaragaza ko "… 2010 byagaragaye cyane nk'umwaka wa mbere aho IOM yafashaga abantu benshi bahohotewe mu bucuruzi kurusha abari baracurujwe bagamije gusambanya." [29] Intego nyamukuru ya IOM ni "gutanga umutekano , serivisi zizewe, zoroshye kandi zihendutse kubantu bakeneye ubufasha bw’abimukira mpuzamahanga. Gutezimbere imicungire y’ikiremwamuntu kandi itunganijwe neza no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abimukira hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga. Gutanga inama, ubushakashatsi, ubufatanye mu bya tekiniki n'ubufasha bukoreshwa mu bihugu, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta ndetse n'abandi bafatanyabikorwa, hagamijwe kubaka ubushobozi bw'igihugu no korohereza ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, uturere ndetse n'ibihugu byombi ku bibazo by'abimukira ... "[30]
Imirimo ikoreshwa abana ni uburyo bw'akazi bushobora kubangamira iterambere ry'umubiri, mu mutwe, mu mwuka, mu myifatire, cyangwa mu mibereho y'abana kandi rishobora kubangamira imyigire yabo. Ishami ry'umuryango mpuzamahanga ryita ku murimo rivuga ko umubare w'abana ku isi bakora imirimo ivunanye wagabanutse mu myaka cumi n'ibiri kugeza mu 2012 - wagabanutseho kimwe cya gatatu, uva kuri miliyoni 246 mu 2000 ugera kuri miliyoni 168 mu 2012. [31] Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara ni akarere gafite umubare munini w'abana bakoreshwa imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana, mu gihe umubare munini w'abakozi bakorera abana uboneka muri Aziya no muri pasifika.
Jenerali
Hindura
Igishushanyo cyerekana icuruzwa ry’abantu ku isi bava mu bihugu bakomokamo
Ibihugu bikomokamo
Umuhondo: Umubare ugereranije w'abantu
Icunga: Umubare munini wabantu
Umutuku: Umubare munini cyane wabantu
Ibihugu bigana
Ubururu bwerurutse: Umubare munini wabantu
Ubururu: Umubare munini wabantu
Ibihugu byerekanwe imvi ntabwo ari ibihugu bikomokamo cyangwa ibihugu bigana
Ikarita y'isi yerekana uko amategeko yifashe mu bihugu bitandukanye kugira ngo hirindwe icuruzwa ry'abagore guhera mu 2009 nk'uko umushinga WomanStats ubitangaza.
Icyatsi: Nta makuru
Icyatsi: Gucuruza ntibyemewe kandi ntibisanzwe
Umuhondo: Gucuruza ntibyemewe ariko ibibazo biracyahari
Umutuku: Gucuruza bitemewe ariko biracyakorwa
Ubururu: Gucuruza ntibyemewe kandi birakorwa
Umutuku: Gucuruza ntabwo byemewe kandi bikunze gukorwa [32]
Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye rishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge n’ubugizi bwa nabi (UNODC) ryakomeje gufasha imiryango myinshi itegamiye kuri Leta mu kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. Intambara yo mu 2006 yabereye muri Libani, aho abakozi 300.000 bo mu rugo baturutse muri Sri Lanka, Etiyopiya na Filipine badafite akazi kandi bakibasirwa n’abacuruzi, byatumye habaho ubukangurambaga bwihutirwa n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta Caritas Migrant mu rwego rwo gukangurira abantu gucuruza abantu. Byongeye kandi, Mata 2006 raporo, Gucuruza abantu: Global Patterns, yafashije kumenya ibihugu 127 bikomokamo, ibihugu 98 bitambuka n’ibihugu 137 bigenewe gucuruza abantu. Kugeza ubu, ni ya kabiri ikururwa cyane muri raporo ya UNODC. Kuva mu 2007, UNODC yashyigikiye ibikorwa nk'umushinga wa Vigilance Community ku mupaka uhuza Ubuhinde na Nepal, ndetse inatanga inkunga mu bikorwa byo gukumira icuruzwa ry'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina na Korowasiya.
Imbaraga za UNODC mu gushishikariza ibikorwa zatangije ubukangurambaga bw’umutima w’ubururu bwo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu ku ya 6 Werurwe 2009, [34] Mexico yatangije verisiyo y’igihugu yayo muri Mata 2010. [35] [36] Ubukangurambaga bushishikariza abantu kwerekana ubufatanye n’abahohotewe n’abantu bambaye umutima wubururu, nkukuntu kwambara lente itukura biteza imbere kwandura virusi itera SIDA mpuzamahanga. Ku ya 4 Ugushyingo 2010, Umunyamabanga mukuru wa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, Ban Ki-moon yatangije ikigega cy’umuryango w’abibumbye cyita ku bushake cy’abakorewe icyaha cyo gucuruza abantu kugira ngo gitange ubufasha bw’ikiremwamuntu, amategeko ndetse n’imari ku bahohotewe n’ubucuruzi bw’abantu hagamijwe kongera umubare w’abatabazi kandi bashyigikiwe, no kwagura ubufasha bahabwa.
Mu 2013, Umuryango w'Abibumbye washyizeho 30 Nyakanga nk'umunsi w'isi urwanya icuruzwa ry'abantu.
Muri Mutarama 2019, UNODC yasohoye inyandiko nshya ya Raporo ku Isi ku bijyanye no gucuruza abantu. Raporo ku isi ku icuruzwa ry’abantu 2018 yerekanye ko 30 ku ijana by’abantu bose bahohotewe n’icuruzwa ry’abantu ryamenyekanye ku isi ku isi hagati ya 2016 na 2018 ari abana, bikiyongeraho 3 ku ijana mu gihe cya 2007–2010.
Raporo y’isi yose yanditseho abahohotewe n’ibihugu 137 bitandukanye byagaragaye mu bihugu 142 hagati ya 2012 na 2016, muri icyo gihe hagaragaye imigezi 500 itandukanye. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’icuruzwa ryabereye mu karere kamwe naho 42 ku ijana bibera mu mbibi z’igihugu. Kimwe kidasanzwe ni uburasirazuba bwo hagati, aho abantu benshi bagaragaye ni abahohotewe nabanya Aziya yepfo. Abagaragaye mu bucuruzi bw’abaturutse muri Aziya y’iburasirazuba bagaragaye mu bihugu birenga 64, bituma baba itsinda ryatatanye cyane ku isi. Hariho itandukaniro rikomeye ryakarere muburyo bwagaragaye bwo gukoresha. Ibihugu byo muri Afurika no muri Aziya muri rusange bifata ibibazo byinshi byo gucuruza imirimo y'agahato, mu gihe imibonano mpuzabitsina ikunze kugaragara cyane mu Burayi no muri Amerika. Byongeye kandi, gucuruza gukuramo ingingo byagaragaye mu bihugu 16 ku isi. Raporo igaragaza impungenge z’imibare mike y’abakatiwe - 16 ku ijana by’ibihugu bitanga raporo ntibigeze bahamwe n’icyaha kimwe cyo gucuruza abantu hagati ya 2007 na 2010. Kugeza muri Gashyantare 2018, ibihugu 173 byemeje amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe gucuruza abantu, muri yo UNODC. ni umurinzi. Intambwe ishimishije imaze guterwa mu bijyanye n'amategeko: guhera mu 2012, 83% by'ibihugu byari bifite itegeko rihana icuruzwa ry'abantu hakurikijwe Amasezerano.
Abantu bagurishwa ku mbuga nkoranyambaga na porogaramu za telefoni.
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga agezweho (rusange)
Hindura
Amasezerano y'inyongera yerekeye gukuraho ubucakara, yatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1957
Porotokole yo gukumira, guhagarika no guhana icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane Abagore n’abana
Amasezerano yo kurwanya magendu y’abimukira ku butaka, ku nyanja no mu kirere
Porotokole idahitamo kugurisha abana, uburaya bwabana hamwe nubusambanyi bwabana
ILO Amasezerano y'abakozi ku gahato, 1930 (No 29)
ILO ikuraho amasezerano y’umurimo ku gahato, 1957 (No 105)
Amasezerano ntarengwa ya ILO, 1973 (No 138)
ILO Uburyo bubi bwamasezerano yumurimo wabana, 1999 (No 182)
Amasezerano hagati y'Abanyamerika ku bijyanye n’umuhanda mpuzamahanga mu bana bato
Leta zunz'ubumwe
Hindura
Ingingo nyamukuru: Gucuruza abantu muri Amerika
Mu 2002, Derek Ellerman na Katherine Chon bashinze umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta witwa Polaris Project wo kurwanya icuruzwa ry'abantu. Mu 2007, Polaris yashyizeho ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe gucuruza abantu (NHTRC) aho abahamagarira [43] bashobora gutanga inama no kwakira amakuru ajyanye n’icuruzwa ry’abantu. Urubuga rwa Polaris n'umurongo wa telefoni biramenyesha abaturage aho muri Amerika hacibwa imanza zikekwaho gucuruza abantu. Urubuga rwandika ruhamagara ku ikarita.
Mu 2007, Sena y’Amerika yemeje ko ku ya 11 Mutarama ari umunsi w’igihugu w’ubukangurambaga bw’abantu mu rwego rwo gukangurira abantu kumenya iki kibazo ku isi, ku rwego rw’igihugu ndetse no mu karere. Mu mwaka wa 2010, 2011, 2012 na 2013, Perezida Barack Obama yatangaje ko Mutarama ari ukwezi kwahariwe ubucakara no gukumira icuruzwa ry'abantu. Hamwe niyi gahunda, amasomero yo muri Amerika yose yatangiye kugira uruhare mukumenyekanisha icuruzwa ryabantu. Buhorobuhoro, amasomero yahindutse ibigo byuburezi kubatazi iki kibazo. Amasomero kandi yafatanije n’imiryango guhugura abakozi kugira ngo bamenye abahohotewe n’abantu kandi batange ubufasha.
Muri 2014, DARPA yateye inkunga gahunda ya Memex ifite intego igaragara yo kurwanya gucuruza abantu binyuze mubushakashatsi bwihariye. Ubushobozi bwo gushakisha bwateye imbere, harimo n'ubushobozi bwabwo bwo kugera ku rubuga rwijimye butuma hakurikiranwa imanza z’icuruzwa ry’abantu, zishobora kugorana gukurikirana kubera amayeri y’uburiganya bw’abacuruza abantu.
Mu mwaka wa 2015, umurongo wa telefoni utishyurwa w’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe gucuruza abantu wakiriye raporo z’abantu barenga 5.000 bashobora gucuruza abantu muri Amerika Abana bagera kuri kimwe cya gatatu cy’abahohotewe, mu gihe abagore bagize kimwe cya kabiri. [51] Abakozi ba umurongo wa telefoni barashobora kuvugana n'abantu mu ndimi zirenga 200. Gucuruza abantu nubucuruzi bukomeye. Nikibazo gikomeye muri Floride yepfo, hamwe na hamwe muri hoteri ni Miami Beach. Polisi yo muri uwo mujyi yataye muri yombi abantu batatu bakekwaho gucuruza abantu mu 2017. Bivugwa ko ari yo mibare myinshi muri Floride y'Amajyepfo. Usibye kwibanda ku gufata abacuruza, abashinzwe iperereza batanga ubufasha ku bahohotewe.
Inama y’Uburayi
Hindura
Ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2005, Komite y'Abaminisitiri yemeje Amasezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi yerekeye ibikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu (CETS No 197). [54] Aya masezerano yafunguwe kugira ngo asinywe i Warsaw ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2005 mu gihe cy’inama ya 3 y’abakuru b’ibihugu na guverinoma y’Inama y’Uburayi. Ku ya 24 Ukwakira 2007, ayo masezerano yakiriwe ku ncuro ya cumi bityo bituma inzira itangira gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Gashyantare 2008. Kuva muri Kamena 2017, ayo masezerano yemejwe n’ibihugu 47 (harimo na Biyelorusiya, igihugu kitari Inama y’Uburayi) , Uburusiya nicyo gihugu cyonyine kitaremeza (cyangwa ngo gisinywe).
Mu gihe ibindi bikoresho mpuzamahanga bimaze kuboneka muri uru rwego, Amasezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi, amasezerano ya mbere y’Uburayi muri uru rwego, ni amasezerano yuzuye yibanda cyane cyane ku kurinda abahohotewe n’uburenganzira bwabo. Igamije kandi gukumira icuruzwa no gukurikirana abacuruza. Byongeye kandi, Amasezerano ateganya gushyiraho uburyo bunoze kandi bwigenga bwo kugenzura bushobora kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’inshingano zikubiye muri ayo masezerano.
Amasezerano ntagarukira gusa mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’Uburayi; ibihugu bitari mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nabyo bifite amahirwe yo kuba Ishyaka ry’amasezerano. Mu 2013, Biyelorusiya ibaye igihugu cya mbere kitari Inama y’Uburayi cyinjiye muri ayo masezerano. [56]
Amasezerano yashyizeho itsinda ry’impuguke mu bikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu (GRETA) rikurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano binyuze muri raporo z’igihugu. Guhera ku ya 1 Werurwe 2013, GRETA yasohoye raporo 17 zo mu gihugu.
Kurinda byiyongera ku icuruzwa ry’abana rikorwa binyuze mu Masezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi yerekeye kurengera abana kwirinda ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ndetse n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina (ryashyizweho umukono i Lanzarote, ku ya 25 Ukwakira 2007). Amasezerano yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2010. [59] Kuva mu Gushyingo 2020, ayo masezerano yemejwe n'ibihugu 47, Irlande ikaba yarasinye ariko ikaba itaremezwa.
Byongeye kandi, Urukiko rw’Uburayi rw’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu rw’Inama y’Uburayi i Strasbourg rwaciriye imanza zerekeye gucuruza abantu binyuranyije n’inshingano z’amasezerano y’uburayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu: Siliadin aburana n’Ubufaransa, [61] urubanza rwo ku ya 26 Nyakanga 2005, na Rantsev aburana na Kupuro n'Uburusiya, [62] urubanza rwo ku ya 7 Mutarama 2010.
Umuryango w’umutekano n’ubufatanye mu Burayi
Hindura
Ingingo nyamukuru: Umuryango w’umutekano n’ubufatanye mu Burayi
Mu 2003, Umuryango w'abibumbye washyizeho uburyo bwo kurwanya icuruzwa rigamije gukangurira abaturage kumenya iki kibazo no kubaka ubushake bwa politiki mu bihugu byayitabiriye kugira ngo bikemuke neza.
Ibikorwa bya OBS byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu bihuzwa n’ibiro by’intumwa idasanzwe ishinzwe kurwanya ibinyabiziga by’abantu. [63] Muri Mutarama 2010, Maria Grazia Giammarinaro yabaye uhagarariye Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Umuryango w’abibumbye akaba n'umuhuzabikorwa mu kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. Dr. Giammarinaro (Ubutaliyani) yabaye umucamanza mu rukiko mpanabyaha rw’i Roma kuva mu 1991. Yakoze kuva mu 2006 kugeza mu 2009 mu buyobozi bukuru bwa komisiyo y’Uburayi ishinzwe ubutabera, ubwisanzure n’umutekano i Buruseli, aho yari ashinzwe imirimo yo kurwanya abantu gucuruza no gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bana, ndetse no ku bihano by’abinjira mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe n’ishami rishinzwe kurwanya ibyaha byateguwe. Muri icyo gihe, yahujije itsinda ry’impuguke zerekeye gucuruza abantu muri komisiyo y’Uburayi. Kuva mu 2001 kugeza 2006 yari umucamanza w'iperereza ry'ibanze mu rukiko mpanabyaha rwa Roma. Mbere yibyo, guhera mu 1996 yari Umuyobozi w’ibiro bishinzwe amategeko akaba n'umujyanama wa minisitiri w’amahirwe angana. Kuva mu 2006 kugeza Ukuboza 2009, ibiro byari biyobowe na Eva Biaudet wahoze ari umudepite, akaba na minisitiri w’ubuzima n’imibereho myiza mu gihugu cye cya Finlande.
Ibikorwa bya Biro ya Raporo idasanzwe imyumvire itandukanye kuva guhugura inzego zishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko guhangana n’icuruzwa ry’abantu kugeza guteza imbere politiki igamije kurandura burundu ruswa n’ibyaha byateguwe. Uhagarariye bidasanzwe kandi asura ibihugu kandi ashobora, abisabye, gushyigikira ishyirwaho n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki yabo yo kurwanya icuruzwa. Mu bindi bihe, uhagarariye bidasanzwe atanga inama zijyanye no gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo by’icuruzwa ry’abantu, kandi agafasha guverinoma, abaminisitiri n’abayobozi kugera ku ntego bagaragaje zo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu.
Ubuhinde
Hindura
Preity Zinta muri ACT (Kurwanya icuruzwa ry'abana)
Mu Buhinde, icuruzwa ry’abantu kugira ngo bakoreshwe mu bucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi, imirimo y'agahato, gushyingirwa ku gahato ndetse n’uburetwa bwo mu rugo bifatwa nkicyaha cyateguwe. Guverinoma y'Ubuhinde ikurikiza itegeko mpanabyaha (Ivugurura) Itegeko 2013, ritangira gukurikizwa kuva ku ya 3 Gashyantare 2013, ndetse n’ingingo ya 370 na 370A IPC, risobanura icuruzwa ry’abantu kandi "ritanga ibihano bikaze ku icuruzwa ry’abantu; gucuruza abana kugira ngo babakoreshe mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose; harimo gukoreshwa ku mubiri; cyangwa uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose bwo gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina, uburetwa, uburetwa cyangwa kuvanaho ku gahato ingingo. " Byongeye kandi, Task Force yo mu karere ishyira mu bikorwa amasezerano ya SAARC yerekeye gukumira icuruzwa ry’abagore n’abana.
Bwana R.P.N. Ku ya 20 Gashyantare 2014, Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga w’Ubuhinde, Singh, yatangije imbuga za interineti ya guverinoma, Urubuga rwo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. , Ibihugu / UTs [Intara z’Ubumwe] n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta kugira ngo ishyire mu bikorwa neza ingamba zo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. "
Imfashanyo mugukurikirana imanza hamwe na leta ihuriweho.
Tanga amakuru yuzuye ku mategeko, imibare, imanza zaciwe n’urukiko, Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye, ibisobanuro birambuye ku bantu bacuruzwa n’abacuruza n’inkuru zatsinze.
Tanga umurongo kuri "Trackchild", Urubuga rwigihugu ku bana babuze rukorera muri leta nyinshi.
Ku ya 20 Gashyantare kandi, guverinoma y'Ubuhinde yatangaje ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda yuzuye ikubiyemo ishyirwaho ry’ishami rishinzwe kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu (AHTUs) mu turere 335 tw’abapolisi batishoboye bo mu Buhinde, ndetse no kongerera ubushobozi harimo amahugurwa y’abapolisi, abashinjacyaha n’ubutabera. . Nkuko byatangajwe, AHTUs 225 zashyizwe mu bikorwa, mu gihe izindi AHTU 100 zasabwe mu mwaka w’ingengo yimbere.
Singapore
Hindura
Kuva mu mwaka wa 2016, Singapore yemeye amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe gucuruza abantu kandi yemeza ku ya 28 Nzeri 2015, icyemezo cyo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana. [65]
Singapore isa nkaho ikunzwe cyane gucuruza abantu hamwe n’abagore n’abakobwa baturutse mu Buhinde, Tayilande, Filipine n'Ubushinwa.
Raporo ya Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yo mu mwaka wa 2018 ivuga ko Singapuru irimo gushyira ingufu mu guca burundu icuruzwa ry’abantu kuko ritanga ibihano bikomeye ku bacuruza ibyaha, guteza imbere ubwisanzure bwo kugenda ku bantu bakuze kandi bikongerera abakozi bimukira kumenya uburenganzira bwabo. Icyakora, ntirujuje ubuziranenge kuko abakozi benshi bimukira mu kazi bagaragaza icuruzwa ry’abakozi, ariko ntihaboneka ukwemera. Mu Gushyingo 2019, abenegihugu b’Ubuhinde bahamwe n’icyaha cyo gukoresha abagore bimukira mu mahanga, kikaba ari cyo gihano cya mbere muri Leta. Uku kujijuka kwerekanye ko Singapore yahisemo gufata ingamba zikomeye zo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu.
Igipimo cya politiki yo kurwanya icuruzwa
Hindura
Icyegeranyo cya 3P cyo kurwanya icuruzwa ryagaragaje imikorere ya politiki ya leta yo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu hashingiwe ku gusuzuma ibisabwa na politiki yashyizweho n’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yo gukumira, guhashya no guhana icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana (2000). ]
Urwego rwa politiki rwasuzumwe hifashishijwe igipimo cy amanota atanu, aho amanota atanu yerekana imyitozo myiza ya politiki, mugihe amanota 1 ari mabi. Iki gipimo cyakoreshejwe mu gusesengura ibice bitatu by'ingenzi bya politiki yo kurwanya icuruzwa: (i) gukurikirana (guhana) abacuruza, (ii) kurinda abahohotewe, no (iii) gukumira icyaha cyo gucuruza abantu. Buri sub-index yubushinjacyaha, kurinda no gukumira yakusanyirijwe ku cyegeranyo rusange hamwe n’amafaranga ataremereye, hamwe n’ibipimo rusange kuva ku manota 3 (bibi) kugeza kuri 15 (byiza). Iraboneka mubihugu bigera kuri 177 buri mwaka muri 2000 kugeza 2015; raporo ya 2015, yasohotse mu 2016, ni yo ya nyuma guhera ku ya 26 Ugushyingo 2018.
Muri 2015, ibihugu bitatu byagaragaje urutonde rushoboka rushoboka muri politiki kuri byose uko ari bitatu (muri rusange amanota 15). Ibi bihugu byari Otirishiya, Espagne n'Ubwongereza. Hariho ibihugu bine bifite amanota agera kuri 14 (Ububiligi, Philippines, Arumeniya, na Koreya yepfo). Abandi bane batsinze amanota 13, harimo na USA. Amanota mabi, ntarengwa ashoboka, ni 3. Usibye Koreya ya Ruguru, Libiya, Siriya, Eritereya ndetse n'ibirwa bya BES yatsinze ibitego 3 hamwe na Irani n'Uburusiya byatsinze 4 gusa (hamwe na Kiribati, Yemeni, na Gineya ya Ekwatoriya). bikenewe] Kubindi bisobanuro reba urubuga rwogucuruza no gupima abantu.
Amatangazo
Hindura
Mu mwaka wa 2014, ku nshuro ya mbere mu mateka abayobozi bakomeye b'amadini menshi, Ababuda, Abangilikani, Abagatolika, na orotodogisi, Abakirisitu, Abahindu, Abayahudi, n'Abisilamu, bahuye kugira ngo basinyire hamwe amasezerano yo kurwanya ubucakara bw'iki gihe; imenyekanisha basinyiye risaba ko ubucakara n’ubucuruzi bw’abantu byavaho mu 2020. [71] Abashyizeho umukono ni: Papa Francis, Mātā Amṛtānandamayī (uzwi kandi ku izina rya Amma), Bhikkhuni Thich Nu Chân Không (uhagarariye Zen Master Thích Nhất Hạnh), Datuk K Sri Dhammaratana, Umutambyi mukuru wa Maleziya, Rabbi Abraham Skorka, Rabbi David Rosen Abdalla Abbas Soliman, umunyamabanga wungirije wa leta ya Al Azhar Alsharif (uhagarariye Mohamed Ahmed El-Tayeb, Imamu Mukuru wa Al-Azhar), Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi, Sheikh Naziyah Razzaq Jaafar, umujyanama wihariye wa Grand Ayatollah (uhagarariye Grand Ayatollah) Basheer Hussain al Najafi), Sheikh Omar Abboud, Justin Welby, Arkiyepiskopi wa Canterbury, na Metropolitan Emmanuel w’Ubufaransa (uhagarariye umwepisikopi mukuru wa Ekumeniki Bartholomew). [71]
Gahunda yo kurwanya icuruzwa
Hindura
Ubukangurambaga bw’ubururu bufatanya n’inzego z’ubutegetsi, guverinoma, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, n’abikorera ku giti cyabo guhagarika icuruzwa ry’abantu no kurengera abahohotewe.
Mu 2009, Umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe abinjira n'abasohoka watangije ubukangurambaga bugura ubukangurambaga bugamije kurwanya icuruzwa. Umuryango w’abibumbye kandi ugira uruhare rugaragara mu bikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa, cyane cyane binyuze mu ntego irambye y’iterambere 5. [74] Mu ntangiriro za 2016, Inshingano zihoraho za Repubulika ya Kazakisitani mu Muryango w’abibumbye zagiranye ikiganiro cyiswe "Gusubiza ibibazo biriho muri iki gihe cyo gucuruza abantu". [75]
Ubukangurambaga bwo kurwanya icuruzwa no gukusanya inkunga bigize igice kinini cy’ibikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa. Irushanwa ry'amasaha 24 ni imwe muri gahunda yibanda ku kongera ubumenyi mu banyeshuri bo mu mashuri yisumbuye muri Aziya. Ubukangurambaga bwa Blue ni ikindi gikorwa cyo kurwanya icuruzwa rikorana na Minisiteri ishinzwe umutekano mu gihugu cya Amerika mu kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu no kuzana umudendezo ku bahohotewe. [78] Icyakora, abatanga ibitekerezo banenze bagaragaje ko ingamba nkizi zigamije "gukangurira abantu" ntacyo zikora, niba hari icyo zigabanya, mu rwego rwo kugabanya aho abantu bacuruza. [79] [80] [81]
Ku ya 10 Ukuboza 2020, abahagarariye Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika bashyize umukono kuri guverinoma "ibaruwa" isaba ko ihagarikwa ry’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abakozi n’icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane mu karere ka Kigobe ko mu burasirazuba bwo hagati na Afurika y’Amajyaruguru. Usibye kwerekana akarere, ibaruwa yibanze kuri Arabiya Sawudite na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Abarabu kubera umubare munini w’ibibazo by’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu muri gahunda ya Kafala izwi kandi ku bucakara bwa none, no gucuruza abagore baturutse mu burasirazuba bw’Uburayi. Urwandiko rwanditswe ku munsi w’uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi rwashyizweho umukono n’abanyamuryango 30. [82]
Amatsinda afite intege nke
Hindura
Raporo y’umwaka wa Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ivuga ko "impunzi n’abimukira; abanya lesbiyani, abaryamana bahuje ibitsina, abahuje ibitsina, abahuje ibitsina, abahuje ibitsina, n’abahuje ibitsina (LGBTI); abayoboke b’amadini; ababana n’ubumuga; n’abatagira ubwenegihugu" ni bo benshi cyane kuri -ikibazo cyo gucuruza abantu. Guverinoma zirinda neza abahohotewe gukoreshwa igihe ibibazo by’abaturage batishoboye byumvikanye. Byongeye kandi, muri Porotokole yayo yo gukumira, guhashya no guhana icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana, Umuryango w’abibumbye uvuga ko abagore n’abana bafite ibyago byinshi byo gucuruza abantu no kuvugurura. Amasezerano asaba ko ibihugu by’ibihugu bidashyiraho gusa ingamba zibuza icuruzwa ry’abantu ahubwo binakemura ibibazo byongera ibibazo by’abagore n’abana, harimo "ubukene, iterambere ridatera imbere ndetse no kutagira amahirwe angana." [84]
Ubwoko bw'icuruzwa
Hindura
Gucuruza abana
Hindura
Reba kandi: Gusarura abana
Gucuruza abana bikubiyemo gushaka, gutwara, kwimura, kubakira, cyangwa kwakira abana hagamijwe kubakoresha. Gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bana bishobora gufata uburyo bwinshi, harimo guhatira umwana uburaya [85] [86] cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina cyangwa porunogarafiya y'abana. Gukoresha abana birashobora kandi kuba bikubiyemo imirimo y'agahato cyangwa serivisi, uburetwa cyangwa ibikorwa bisa n'ubucakara, uburetwa, kuvanaho ingingo, [87] kurera mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, gucuruza abashyingiranywe hakiri kare, kwinjiza mu gisirikare nk'abana bato, kugira ngo bakoreshe gusabiriza cyangwa nk'abakinnyi (nkabo) nk'abana b'ingamiya y'abana [88] cyangwa gucuruza umupira.) [89]
Umuhungu muto amurika inkweto z'umusaza muri parike
Imibare ya IOM i ndagaragaza ko umubare munini (35%) wabantu bacurujwe wafashaga mumwaka wa 2011 bari munsi yimyaka 18, ibyo bikaba bihuye nibyagereranijwe mumyaka yashize. Mu mwaka wa 2010, byavuzwe ko Tayilande na Berezile bifatwa nk'ibifite amateka mabi yo gucuruza abana.
Abacuruza abana barashobora kwifashisha ubukene bukabije bwababyeyi. Ababyeyi barashobora kugurisha abana kubacuruza kugirango bishyure imyenda cyangwa binjiza amafaranga, cyangwa barashobora gushukwa kubijyanye n'amahugurwa n'ubuzima bwiza kubana babo. Bashobora kugurisha abana babo mu mirimo, mu bucuruzi bw’imibonano mpuzabitsina, cyangwa kurera abana mu buryo butemewe n’amategeko, nubwo intiti zasabye ko habaho imyumvire idahwitse n’uburyo bwo gukemura iki kibazo - kikaba kireba imibereho n’imibereho n’ubukungu ndetse na politiki. [91] [92] [93]
Uburyo bwo kurera abana, bwemewe n'amategeko kandi butemewe, iyo bahohotewe rimwe na rimwe bishobora kuvamo ibibazo byo gucuruza abana n’abagore batwite ku isi. Mu nyandiko David M. Smolin yanditse mu 2005 yerekeye icuruzwa ry’abana n’urukozasoni hagati y’Ubuhinde na Amerika, [95]
Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’umwana mu ngingo ya 34, agira ati: "Ibihugu byiyemeje kurinda umwana uburyo bwose bwo gukoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina". Mu Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bana bigengwa n’amabwiriza - Amabwiriza ya 2011/92 / EU y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Uburayi ndetse n’Inama Njyanama yo ku ya 13 Ukuboza 2011 yerekeye kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikorerwa abana n’ubusambanyi bw’abana. ]
Amasezerano y'i La Haye yerekeye kurengera abana n’ubutwererane mu bijyanye no kwakirwa hagati y’ibihugu (cyangwa Amasezerano yo kurera abana ba La Haye) ni amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurera abana mpuzamahanga, agamije gukumira ihohoterwa ry’abana, icuruzwa ry’abana, n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku kurera abana mpuzamahanga. 99]
Amasezerano atemewe ku ruhare rw’abana mu ntambara yitwaje intwaro arashaka gukumira abinjira mu gisirikare ku ngufu (urugero n’ingabo z’inyeshyamba) z’abana kugira ngo bakoreshwe mu ntambara yitwaje intwaro. [100]
Gucuruza igitsina
Hindura
Ingingo nyamukuru: Gucuruza igitsina
Umuburo w'uburaya no gucuruza abantu muri Koreya y'Epfo kuri G.I. n'ingabo z’Amerika Koreya
Icyitegererezo cyo gucuruza RealStars
Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku murimo uvuga ko imirimo y'agahato mu bucuruzi bw'imibonano mpuzabitsina igira ingaruka ku bantu miliyoni 4.5 ku isi. Benshi mu bahohotewe usanga bari mu gahato cyangwa gutukwa aho guhunga bigoye kandi biteje akaga.
Gucuruza abantu bakoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina byahoze bitekerezwa nkigikorwa cyateguwe cyabantu, ubusanzwe abagore, hagati y’ibihugu ndetse no mu bihugu byo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina hakoreshejwe agahato k’umubiri, uburiganya n’ubucakara binyuze mu mwenda ku gahato. Ariko rero, itegeko rirengera abahohotewe mu 2000 (US) [103] ntirisaba kugenda kuri icyo cyaha. Ikibazo kiba impaka mugihe ikintu cyagahato cyakuwe mubisobanuro kugirango hinjizwemo korohereza uruhare rwumvikanyweho muburaya. Kurugero, mu Bwongereza, Itegeko rigenga ibyaha by’igitsina 2003 ryashyizwemo icuruzwa ry’imibonano mpuzabitsina ariko ntirisaba abakoze icyaha gukoresha agahato, uburiganya cyangwa imbaraga, ku buryo ririmo n’umuntu uwo ari we wese winjira mu Bwongereza gukora imirimo y’imibonano mpuzabitsina babyumvikanyeho nk '"icuruzwa". Byongeye kandi, umwana muto wese wagize uruhare mu bikorwa by’imibonano mpuzabitsina muri Amerika mu gihe atarageza ku myaka 18 yujuje ibyangombwa nk’uwahohotewe, kabone niyo yaba nta mbaraga, uburiganya cyangwa agahato abigiramo uruhare, hasobanurwa "Uburyo bukomeye bwo gucuruza abantu" muri itegeko ryo kurengera abahohotewe muri Amerika ryo mu 2000. [103] [105]
Abagore n'abana bacuruzwa bakunze gusezeranwa ko bazakora imirimo yo murugo cyangwa muri serivisi, ariko aho rimwe na rimwe bajyanwa muburaya aho basabwa gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina, mugihe pasiporo zabo nizindi mpapuro zibaranga. Bashobora gukubitwa cyangwa gufungwa no gusezeranya umudendezo wabo nyuma yo kubona - binyuze mu buraya - igiciro cyabo cyo kugura, hamwe n’ingendo zabo na viza. [106]
Gushyingirwa ku gahato
Hindura
Ingingo nyamukuru: Gushyingirwa ku gahato
Gushyingirwa ku gahato ni ubukwe aho umwe cyangwa bombi bitabiriye bashyingiranywe batabanje kubiherwa uruhushya. Ubukwe bw'ubucakara busobanurwa nk'ubukwe burimo umuntu ugurishwa, kwimurwa cyangwa kuragwa muri ubwo bukwe. Nk’uko ECPAT ibivuga, "Gucuruza abana ku bashakanye ku gahato ni ikindi kimenyetso cyo gucuruza kandi ntabwo kigarukira mu bihugu cyangwa ibihugu runaka".
Sena ukomoka muri Zambiya, wahatiwe gushyingirwa afite imyaka 15 gusa
Gushyingirwa ku gahato byasobanuwe nk'uburyo bwo gucuruza abantu mu bihe bimwe na bimwe ndetse no mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, nk'Ubushinwa ndetse n'abaturanyi bayo bo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya aho abagore benshi bimukira mu Bushinwa, rimwe na rimwe binyuze mu masezerano y'akazi, bagahatirwa gushaka abagabo b'Abashinwa. Ubushakashatsi bwerekeye amoko hamwe nabagore bo muri Miyanimari [110] na cambodiya yasanze abagore benshi amaherezo bamenyera ubuzima bwabo mubushinwa kandi babukunda kuruta ubwo bari bafite mubihugu byabo. Byongeye kandi, abahanga mu by'amategeko bavuze ko gushyingiranwa kw’amahanga byigeze bigamije gufatwa nk’abacuruzi bategura amasezerano ya Palermo. [112]
Gucuruza abakozi
Hindura
Andi makuru: Imirimo idakwiye
Gucuruza abakozi ni urujya n'uruza rw'abantu hagamijwe imirimo y'agahato na serivisi. Bishobora kuba bikubiyemo imirimo ifitanye isano, uburetwa butabishaka, uburetwa bwo mu rugo, n'imirimo ikoreshwa abana. Gucuruza abakozi bibaho kenshi murwego rwimirimo yo murugo, ubuhinzi, ubwubatsi, inganda n imyidagaduro; n'abakozi bimukira hamwe n'abasangwabutaka bafite ibyago byo kwibasirwa. Ibikorwa bya magendu bizwi kandi n’abantu bo mu muhanda kubera gukoresha imirimo yabo, urugero nkabatwara abantu.
Uruganda rwuburiganya muri Aziya abakozi bashinzwe umutekano wo kubeshya abanyaburengerazuba kugura amafaranga ya crypto kumurongo.
Abakatiwe bakodesha gusarura ibiti
Gucuruza ubucuruzi bwingingo
Hindura
Gucuruza ingingo nuburyo bwo gucuruza abantu. Irashobora gufata uburyo butandukanye. Rimwe na rimwe, uwahohotewe ahatirwa kureka urugingo. Mu bindi bihe, uwahohotewe yemeye kugurisha urugingo mu rwego rwo kugurana amafaranga / ibicuruzwa, ariko ntabwo ahembwa (cyangwa ahembwa make). Hanyuma, uwahohotewe ashobora gukurwaho urugingo atabizi uwahohotewe (mubisanzwe iyo uwahohotewe avuwe kukindi kibazo cyubuvuzi / uburwayi - ikibazo nyacyo cyangwa cyateguwe / uburwayi). Abakozi bimukira, abadafite aho baba, n’abatazi gusoma no kwandika bibasirwa cyane nubu buryo bwo gukoreshwa. Gucuruza ingingo nicyaha cyateguwe, kirimo abakoze ibyaha byinshi: [116]
abashaka akazi
abatwara
abakozi bo kwa muganga
abahuza / abashoramari
abaguzi
Gucuruza ubucuruzi bwingingo akenshi bishakisha impyiko. Gucuruza ingingo ni ubucuruzi bwunguka cyane kuko mubihugu byinshi urutonde rwabategereje abarwayi bakeneye kwimurwa ni rurerure cyane. Ibisubizo bimwe byasabwe gufasha kubirwanya.
Ubwoko bw'inshinjabyaha
Hindura
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bw'inshinjabyaha: umuntu ku giti cye hamwe na sosiyete. Muri rusange, abantu bakurikiranwa kubera uruhare bagize mu icuruzwa ry’abantu, ariko inzego za Leta zishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko ziharanira guhana ibigo kubera impamvu zitandukanye, harimo n’uko inzira z’inshinjabyaha zo gukurikirana ibigo zidahagije, ibihano ntabwo bihana abantu babiryozwa cyane, kandi bidahagije. hashyizweho ingufu zo kubara ikiguzi nyacyo cyo kugarura no guha indishyi abahohotewe kuko bakorewe ibyaha.
Iyo abahohotewe n’ubucuruzi bw’abantu barekuwe, akenshi baba bafite amahirwe yo gutanga ubuhamya kubashinja. Bamwe mu bahohotewe bahitamo gutanga ubuhamya kubera gutinya kwihorera ku bacuruzi. Vanderberg asobanura abahohotewe mu gihe cy’iburanisha, avuga ko “abahohotewe bakunze kubona ko ibyaha by’abacuruza biteye ubwoba. Kubera gutinya abo bacuruza, uwahohotewe ashobora guhangayikishwa n’umutekano we ndetse n’umuryango we. ”[119] Harasuzumwe uburyo bwo gukuraho ubuhamya. Impuguke nka Detective Scaramucci wo mu biro by’umugenzuzi w’intara ya McLennan abisobanura agira ati: “Usibye kunoza uburyo dukora iperereza ku icuruzwa ry’abantu, tunakora no guteza imbere amayeri y'ubushinjacyaha. Mugihe dukomeje gutera imbere, intambwe ikurikira kuri twe mukuzamura iperereza ni ukugabanya kwishingikiriza ku buhamya bw'abahohotewe. Tugomba guhindura imitekerereze yacu no kubaka imanza zishingiye ku bindi bimenyetso. ”[120]