Ingagi zo mu birunga

Ingagi zo mu birunga
	Ingagi y'ingabo ikuze (silverback) yo mu itsinda rya Susa, mu Rwanda
Ishyirwa mu byiciro
Ubwami	Inyamaswa (Animalia)
Urwego	Inyamabere (Mammalia)
Itsinda	Inguge (Primates)
Umuryango	Hominidae
Ubwoko rusange	Ingagi (Gorilla)
Ubwoko	Ingagi zo mu burasirazuba (Gorilla beringei)
Ubwoko buto	G. b. beringei
Izina ry'ubumenyi
	Gorilla beringei beringei; Matschie, 1903
Uko zihagaze
IUCN	Ziri mu kaga (EN)
Umubare	≈ 1 063 (2018)
Aho ziboneka

Ingagi zo mu birunga, zitwa kandi ingagi zo mu misozi miremire (izina ry'ubumenyi: Gorilla beringei beringei), ni bumwe mu bwoko buto bubiri bw'ingagi zo mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika. Ziboneka gusa ahantu habiri ku isi: mu misozi y'Ibirunga, ahahurira u Rwanda, Uganda na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, no mu ishyamba rya Bwindi muri Uganda.

Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku kubungabunga ibidukikije (IUCN) uzishyira mu bwoko buri mu kaga. Mu mwaka wa 2018 habarurwaga ingagi zo mu birunga zigera ku 1 063 ku isi yose. Zamenyekanye cyane kubera ubushakashatsi bwa Dian Fossey, kandi ni imwe mu nkingi z'ubukerarugendo bw'u Rwanda.

Ishyirwa mu byiciro n'ivumburwa

Ingagi zo mu birunga ni ubwoko buto bw'ingagi zo mu burasirazuba (Gorilla beringei), hamwe n'ingagi zo mu bibaya byo mu burasirazuba (G. b. graueri). Abahanga bamwe bakeka ko ingagi zo mu ishyamba rya Bwindi zaba ari ubundi bwoko buto bwihariye.^[1]

Mu Kwakira 1902, umusirikare w'Umudage Robert von Beringe yarashe ingagi ebyiri mu rugendo rwo kugena imipaka y'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba y'Abadage. Imwe muri zo yoherejwe mu nzu ndangamurage y'ibinyabuzima i Berlin, aho umuhanga Paul Matschie yayise Gorilla beringei, ayitirira uwayirashe.^[3] Mu 1925, Umunyamerika Carl Akeley yemeje umwami Albert I w'Ububiligi gushyiraho Pariki ya Albert (ubu ni Pariki y'igihugu ya Virunga), kugira ngo arinde inyamaswa zo mu Birunga.^[3]

Imiterere y'umubiri

Ubwoya bw'ingagi zo mu birunga ni burebure kandi ni bwinshi kurusha ubw'izindi ngagi, bigatuma zishobora kubaho ahantu hakonje. Buri ngagi igira ishusho y'izuru yihariye, ifasha abashakashatsi kuzitandukanya. Ingabo zikuze zirusha cyane ingore ubunini, kandi zigira ubwoya bw'ibara ry'ifeza ku mugongo, niyo mpamvu zitwa silverback (« umugongo w'ifeza »).^[1] Iyo zihagaze, ingabo zikuze zigira uburebure bwa metero 1,61 kugeza kuri 1,71, n'ibiro biri hagati ya 120 na 191; ingore zo ni nto, zipima hagati y'ibiro 70 na 98.^[4]

Ingagi zigenda ku maguru ane zishingikirije ku mugongo w'intoki, kandi amaboko yazo arusha amaguru uburebure. Zigira amenyo ameze nk'ay'abantu, atuma zishobora guhekenya ibimera byinshi; ingabo zikuze zigira imikaka minini zikoresha iyo zirwana.^[5]

Aho ziba

Ingagi zo mu birunga ziba mu amashyamba y'imisozi miremire ahorana ibicu, igihu n'ubukonje. Mu Birunga, amatsinda menshi aba ku mabanga y'ibirunga bitatu bizimye: Karisimbi, Mikeno na Bisoke. Ibimera biba ari byinshi cyane hasi ku misozi, bikagenda bigabanuka uko uzamuka; ingagi zimara igihe kinini mu mashyamba y'ibiti bya Hagenia no mu mashyamba y'imigano.^[1]

Zirinzwe muri pariki enye:

Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga mu Rwanda;
Pariki y'igihugu ya Virunga muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo;
Pariki y'igihugu ya Mgahinga muri Uganda;
Pariki y'igihugu y'ishyamba rya Bwindi muri Uganda.^[1]

Muri izo pariki harimo kandi andi moko y'ibinyabuzima arinzwe n'amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya CITES.^[6]

Imibereho

Ibyo zirya

Ingagi zo mu birunga zirya ahanini ibimera. Amababi, imishibu, uduti n'imitima yatwo bigize hafi 86 % by'ibyo zirya, biva ku moko y'ibimera agera ku 142. Zirya kandi ibishishwa by'ibiti, imizi, indabo n'imbuto, ndetse rimwe na rimwe udukoko. Kubera ko zikeneye ibiryo byinshi, zimara igice kinini cy'umunsi zirisha, zikaruhuka saa sita; buri mugoroba buri ngagi yiyubakira icyari cy'ibimera iraramo.^[1]

Imiryango

Ingagi zibana mu matsinda ahamye ayoborwa n'ingabo ikuze. Hafi 61 % by'amatsinda agizwe n'ingabo imwe ikuze n'ingore nyinshi, naho 36 % akagira ingabo zikuze zirenze imwe. Itsinda ntirirwanira ubutaka: ingabo iriyobora irinda itsinda ryayo aho kurinda aho riba. Amatsinda ahora yimuka ashaka ibyo kurya.^[5]

Itumanaho

Abashakashatsi bamaze kumenya amajwi 25 atandukanye ingagi zo mu birunga zikoresha. Menshi muri yo azifasha gushyikirana mu bimera byinshi aho zitabasha kubonana: urugero, iyo zigenda, amajwi magufi asa no kwitotomba agaragaza aho buri ngagi iherereye mu itsinda.^[7]

Iyo ingabo ikuze ishaka gutera ubwoba cyangwa kwerekana imbaraga zayo, ikora ibikorwa bikurikirana: irasakuza, igahagarara ku maguru abiri, ikajugunya ibimera, ikikubita mu gituza n'ibiganza, ikiruka iruhande, igashishimura ibimera, hanyuma igakubita hasi ibiganza.^[8]

Ubushakashatsi

Umunyamerika George Schaller yamaze amezi 20 yiga ingagi zo mu birunga guhera mu 1959, nyuma atangaza ibitabo bibiri bya mbere bisobanura imibereho yazo.^[3] Mu 1967, Dian Fossey yatangiye ubushakashatsi bwamaze imyaka 18 mu Birunga by'u Rwanda; igitabo cye Gorillas in the Mist (1983) cyatumye isi yose imenya izi ngagi.^[9] Fossey yiciwe mu Birunga mu Ukuboza 1985, nyuma y'imyaka myinshi arwanya ubuhigi bw'ingagi.^[5]

Ibarura n'umubare wazo

Umubare w'ingagi zo mu birunga wagiye wiyongera buhoro buhoro kuva mu myaka ya 1980:

Ibarura ry'ingagi zo mu birunga
Umwaka	Agace	Umubare
1981	Ibirunga	254^[10]
1989	Ibirunga	320^[11]
2003	Ibirunga	380^[11]
2010	Ibirunga	480^[12]
2015–2016	Ibirunga	604^[2]
2018	Bwindi–Sarambwe	459^[2]

Ibarura ryo mu 2010 ryasanze mu Birunga hari ingagi 480 ziri mu miryango 36, hamwe n'ingabo 14 zibana zonyine; bivuze ko umubare wazo wiyongereyeho 26,3 % mu myaka irindwi, ni ukuvuga 3,7 % buri mwaka.^[12]^[11] Iyo ubishyize hamwe, mu 2018 ingagi zo mu birunga zari zigera ku 1 063 ku isi yose.^[2]

Amatsinda yamenyerejwe kwegerwa n'abantu (ku bw'ubushakashatsi n'ubukerarugendo) yiyongera vuba kurusha andi, kuko arindwa cyane kandi akavurwa n'abaganga b'amatungo iyo yafashwe n'imitego cyangwa n'indwara.^[1]

Ibibazo bizugarije

Kubura aho ziba: amashyamba azengurutswe n'abaturage benshi n'imirima y'ubuhinzi, bigatuma aho ingagi ziba hadashobora kwaguka.
Ubuhigi n'imitego: n'ubwo ingagi ubwazo zidahigwa cyane, zifatirwa mu mitego iba yatezwe izindi nyamaswa.
Indwara: ingagi zishobora kwandura indwara z'abantu, cyane cyane iz'ubuhumekero nk'ibicurane.
Intambara: intambara n'umutekano muke mu karere byagiye bizibasira, cyane cyane mu gice cya Kongo-Kinshasa.^[1]
Inkongi: rimwe na rimwe inkongi z'umuriro zifata amashyamba y'Ibirunga; hari igihe ingagi zo mu Rwanda zahungiye muri Kongo-Kinshasa kubera inkongi.^[13]

Kubungabunga n'ubukerarugendo

Mu 1978 ni bwo umushinga Mountain Gorilla Project (Projet Gorille de Montagne) watangiye, maze ingagi zo mu gice cy'u Rwanda zitangira kumenyerezwa gusurwa n'abakerarugendo.^[6] Ubukerarugendo bw'ingagi bwahindutse isoko y'ingenzi y'amafaranga yo kurinda pariki, kandi bukurura ba mukerarugendo benshi mu karere.^[12]

Kubera ibikorwa byo kuzibungabunga, umubare wazo wariyongereye ku buryo mu 2018 IUCN yazikuye mu rwego rw'ubwoko « buri mu kaga gakomeye » (CR), izishyira mu rwego rw'ubwoko « buri mu kaga » (EN).^[1] Imiryango nka Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International ikomeje ubushakashatsi n'ibikorwa byo kuzirinda.

Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda

Mu Rwanda, ingagi zisurwa muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga, mu Akarere ka Musanze mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru. Ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2017, Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Iterambere (RDB) rwazamuye igiciro cy’uruhushya rwo gusura ingagi kiva ku madolari 750 kigera ku 1 500, kandi umugabane w’amafaranga y’ubukerarugendo ugenerwa abaturage baturiye pariki uva kuri 5 % ugera kuri 10 %.^[14]

Kwita Izina

Kuva mu 2005, buri mwaka mu nkengero za Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga, mu Akarere ka Musanze, habera umuhango wa Kwita Izina: abana b’ingagi bavutse muri uwo mwaka bahabwa amazina. Izina ry’uwo muhango rikomoka ku mugenzo nyarwanda wo kwita izina umwana wavutse. Kugeza mu 2025, ingagi nto nibura 438 zari zimaze kwitwa amazina.^[15]

Amafoto

Ingagi muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga
Guhonda, ingabo ikuze y’itsinda rya Sabyinyo
Ingagi muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga
Umuhango wa Kwita Izina mu 2010

Inyandiko

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (in Icyongereza). 2020.
1 2 3 4 "Mountain Gorilla Census Results Announced". Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, UC Davis (in Icyongereza). 2019-12-16.
1 2 3 Schaller, G. B. (1963). The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73635-0.
↑ Williamson, E. A.; Butynski, T. M. (2013). "Gorilla beringei, eastern gorilla". In Butynski, T. M.; Kingdon, J.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa (in Icyongereza). Vol. 2: Primates. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 45–53. ISBN 978-1-4081-8996-2.
1 2 3 "Ingagi zo mu Birunga: inyamaswa zifite byinshi zihuriyeho n'abantu". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
1 2 "Ingagi muri Parike Nasiyonali y'Ibirunga". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
↑ Harcourt, A. H.; Stewart, K. J.; Hauser, M. (1993). "Functions of wild gorilla 'close' calls. I. Repertoire, context, and interspecific comparison". Behaviour (in Icyongereza). 124 (1–2): 89–122. doi:10.1163/156853993X00524.
↑ Maple, T. L.; Hoff, M. P. (1982). Gorilla Behavior (in Icyongereza). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-25152-9.
↑ Fossey, D. (1983). Gorillas in the Mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-28217-9.
↑ Aveling, C.; Harcourt, A. H. (1984). "A census of the Virunga gorillas". Oryx. 18: 8–13. doi:10.1017/s0030605300018524.
1 2 3 "Good News for Mountain Gorillas" (in Icyongereza). gorilla.cd. 2010-12-15. Archived from the original on 2013-12-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
1 2 3 "Ingagi zo mu Birunga zariyongereye". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
↑ "Ingagi zo mu Rwanda zahungiye inkongi y'umuriro muri Congo Kinshasa". Archived from the original on 2020-08-15. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
↑ "Increase of Gorilla Permit Tariffs". Rwanda Development Board (in Icyongereza). 2017-05-06.
↑ "Explainer: Rwanda's baby gorilla naming ceremony, story behind annual event". Anadolu Agency (in Icyongereza). 2025-09-06.

Reba kandi

Ingingo zijyanye

Ihuza ryo hanze

[iucn-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (in Icyongereza). 2020.

[mecu-2] 1 2 3 4 "Mountain Gorilla Census Results Announced". Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, UC Davis (in Icyongereza). 2019-12-16.

[schaller-3] 1 2 3 Schaller, G. B. (1963). The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73635-0.

[williamson-4] Williamson, E. A.; Butynski, T. M. (2013). "Gorilla beringei, eastern gorilla". In Butynski, T. M.; Kingdon, J.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa (in Icyongereza). Vol. 2: Primates. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 45–53. ISBN 978-1-4081-8996-2.

[igihe-5] 1 2 3 "Ingagi zo mu Birunga: inyamaswa zifite byinshi zihuriyeho n'abantu". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2011-01-02.

[pariki-6] 1 2 "Ingagi muri Parike Nasiyonali y'Ibirunga". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2011-01-19.

[harcourt-7] Harcourt, A. H.; Stewart, K. J.; Hauser, M. (1993). "Functions of wild gorilla 'close' calls. I. Repertoire, context, and interspecific comparison". Behaviour (in Icyongereza). 124 (1–2): 89–122. doi:10.1163/156853993X00524.

[maple-8] Maple, T. L.; Hoff, M. P. (1982). Gorilla Behavior (in Icyongereza). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-25152-9.

[fossey-9] Fossey, D. (1983). Gorillas in the Mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-28217-9.

[aveling-10] Aveling, C.; Harcourt, A. H. (1984). "A census of the Virunga gorillas". Oryx. 18: 8–13. doi:10.1017/s0030605300018524.

[gorillacd-11] 1 2 3 "Good News for Mountain Gorillas" (in Icyongereza). gorilla.cd. 2010-12-15. Archived from the original on 2013-12-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[gateway-12] 1 2 3 "Ingagi zo mu Birunga zariyongereye". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2011-01-02.

[inkongi-13] "Ingagi zo mu Rwanda zahungiye inkongi y'umuriro muri Congo Kinshasa". Archived from the original on 2020-08-15. Retrieved 2011-01-02.

[14] "Increase of Gorilla Permit Tariffs". Rwanda Development Board (in Icyongereza). 2017-05-06.

[aa-15] "Explainer: Rwanda's baby gorilla naming ceremony, story behind annual event". Anadolu Agency (in Icyongereza). 2025-09-06.

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