Crypto currency (ifaranga koranabuhanga)
Cryptocurrency, crypto-ifaranga, cyangwa crypto ni ifaranga rya digitale ryagenewe gukora nk'uburyo bwo guhanahana amakuru binyuze mu muyoboro wa mudasobwa udashingiye ku buyobozi ubwo ari bwo bwose, nka guverinoma cyangwa banki, kugira ngo ubushyigikire cyangwa bubungabunge. [2] Ni uburyo bwo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage kugira ngo hamenyekane ko abagiranye amasezerano bafite amafaranga bavuga ko bafite, bivanaho gukenera abahuza gakondo, nk'amabanki, igihe amafaranga yoherezwa hagati y'ibigo byombi. [3]
Ikirangantego cya Bitcoin, amafaranga ya mbere yegerejwe abaturage
Intangiriro yo guhagarika Bitcoin, hamwe n'inyandiko ikubiyemo umutwe w'ikinyamakuru The Times. Iyi nyandiko yasobanuwe nkigitekerezo kijyanye n’ihungabana ryatewe na banki ziciriritse. [1]: 18
Inyandiko nyir'igiceri ku giti cye ibikwa mu gitabo cya digitale, ikaba ari ububiko bwa mudasobwa ikoresheje uburyo bukomeye bwo kubika amakuru kugira ngo ibone inyandiko z’ubucuruzi, igenzure ishyirwaho ry’ibiceri, kandi igenzure ihererekanyabubasha ry’ibiceri. [4] [5] [6] Nubwo izina ryabo, amadosiye adafatwa nk'ifaranga mu buryo bwa gakondo, kandi mu gihe hari uburyo butandukanye bwakoreshejwe kuri bo, harimo gushyira mu byiciro nk'ibicuruzwa, impapuro z'agaciro, n'ifaranga, amafaranga y'ibanga muri rusange afatwa nk'icyiciro cy'umutungo wihariye mu bikorwa. ] [8] [9] Gahunda zimwe za crypto zikoresha abemeza kugirango bakomeze amafaranga. Mu gihamya-yimigabane, ba nyirubwite bashira ibimenyetso byabo nkingwate. Mubisubizo, babona ubutware hejuru yikimenyetso ugereranije numubare bafite. Mubisanzwe, aba bimenyetso bifata ibyemezo byinyongera mugihe cyagenwe binyuze mumafaranga y'urusobe, ibimenyetso bishya bicapuwe, cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo guhemba.
Cryptocurrency ntabwo ibaho muburyo bwumubiri (nkamafaranga yimpapuro) kandi mubisanzwe ntabwo itangwa nubuyobozi bukuru. Cryptocurrencies isanzwe ikoresha igenzura ryegerejwe abaturage bitandukanye nifaranga rya banki nkuru (CBDC). Iyo ifaranga ryacapwe, cyangwa ryaremewe mbere yo gutanga, cyangwa ryatanzwe nuwabitanze umwe, mubisanzwe bifatwa nkibisanzwe. Iyo bishyizwe mubikorwa hamwe no kugenzura ibikorwa byo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage, buri kode ikoresha amafaranga ikoresheje ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ikwirakwizwa, ubusanzwe ikabuza, ikora nk'ububiko rusange bw'imari ya Leta. Ibyiciro byumutungo gakondo nkifaranga, ibicuruzwa, nububiko, kimwe nibintu bya macroeconomic, bifite aho bihurira no kugaruka kumafaranga.
Amafaranga ya mbere yegerejwe abaturage yegerejwe ni Bitcoin, yasohotse bwa mbere nka porogaramu ifunguye isoko mu 2009. Kugeza muri Werurwe 2022, ku isoko ku isoko, hari andi mafranga arenga 9000 ku isoko, muri yo abarenga 70 bakaba bafite imari shingiro irenga miliyari imwe.]
Amateka[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Reba kandi: Amateka ya bitcoin
Mu 1983, umunyamerika w’umunyamakuru w’umunyamakuru David Chaum yatekereje ku bwoko bw’amafaranga ya elegitoroniki yitwa ecash. [15] Nyuma, mu 1995, yabishyize mu bikorwa binyuze muri Digicash, [17] uburyo bwa mbere bwo kwishyura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga. Digicash isaba software ikoresha kugirango ikure inoti muri banki kandi igena urufunguzo rwibanga mbere yuko rwoherezwa kubakira. Ibi byatumye ifaranga rya digitale ridakurikiranwa nundi muntu wa gatatu.
Mu 1996, Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe umutekano cyasohoye urupapuro rwitwa Uburyo bwo Gukora Mint: Cryptography ya Anonymous Electronic Cash, isobanura uburyo bwo gukoresha amafaranga. Uru rupapuro rwasohotse bwa mbere kurutonde rwa MIT rwohereza ubutumwa [18] nyuma mu 1997 muri The American Law Review.
Mu 1998, Wei Dai yasobanuye "b-amafaranga", sisitemu yo gukoresha amafaranga ya elegitoroniki, itazwi. Nyuma yaho gato, Nick Szabo yasobanuye zahabu bito. Kimwe na Bitcoin hamwe n’ibindi bikoresho byakurikiranwa, zahabu ya biti (tutitiranya n’ivunjisha rya nyuma rya zahabu BitGold) yasobanuwe ko ari uburyo bw’ifaranga rya elegitoronike ryasabaga abakoresha kuzuza icyemezo cy’imirimo y’akazi hamwe n’ibisubizo bishyirwa hamwe kandi byatangajwe.
Muri Mutarama 2009, Bitcoin yashizweho nuwitezimbere izina rya Satoshi Nakamoto. Yakoresheje SHA-256, imikorere ya kriptografiya hash, muri gahunda yayo-yerekana akazi. [22] Muri Mata 2011, Namecoin yashizweho mu rwego rwo kugerageza gukora DNS yegerejwe abaturage. Mu Kwakira 2011, Litecoin yasohotse ikoresha scrypt nkibikorwa byayo hash aho kuba SHA-256. Peercoin, yashinzwe muri Kanama 2012, yakoresheje imvange yerekana ibimenyetso-byakazi-byerekana-imigabane.
Ku ya 6 Kanama 2014, Ubwongereza bwatangaje ko Isanduku ya Leta yashyizeho ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no gukoresha amafaranga, ndetse n’uruhare, niba ruhari, bashobora kugira uruhare mu bukungu bw’Ubwongereza. Ubushakashatsi kandi bwagombaga gutanga raporo ku bijyanye n’uko amabwiriza agomba kwitabwaho. Raporo yayo ya nyuma yasohowe mu 2018, [26] kandi itanga inama kuri cryptoassets na stabilcoins muri Mutarama 2021. [27]
Muri Kamena 2021, El Salvador ibaye igihugu cya mbere cyemeye Bitcoin nk'isoko ryemewe n'amategeko, nyuma yuko Inteko ishinga amategeko yatoye 62-22 kugira ngo yemeze umushinga w'itegeko watanzwe na Perezida Nayib Bukele ushyira mu bikorwa amafaranga nk'aya. [28]
Muri Kanama 2021, Cuba yakurikiranye nicyemezo 215 kugirango imenye kandi igenzure cryptocurrencies nka Bitcoin.
Muri Nzeri 2021, guverinoma y'Ubushinwa, isoko rimwe rukumbi ryo gukoresha amafaranga, yatangaje ko ibikorwa byose by’amafaranga bitemewe. Ibi byarangije guhashya amafaranga yakoreshwaga mbere yari yarabujije imikorere y'abunzi n'abacukuzi mu Bushinwa.
Ku ya 15 Nzeri 2022, icya kabiri ku isi mu gukoresha amafaranga menshi muri icyo gihe, Ethereum yahinduye uburyo bwumvikanyweho buva ku gihamya-y'akazi (PoW) ihinduka icyemezo-cy'imigabane (PoS) mu gikorwa cyo kuzamura kizwi ku izina rya "Guhuza". Nk’uko uwashinze Ethereum abitangaza ngo kuzamura bishobora kugabanya ingufu za Ethereum ku kigero cya 99.9% naho imyuka ya gaze karuboni ikagera kuri 99.9%.
Ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 2022, FTX Trading Ltd, ihererekanyabubasha, naryo ryakoraga ikigega gikingira, kandi cyari gifite agaciro ka miliyari 18 z'amadolari, [32] gisaba guhomba. Ingaruka z’amafaranga yo gusenyuka zageze no ku bakiriya ba FTX bahise, nk'uko byatangajwe, [34] mu gihe, mu nama yabereye i Reuters, abayobozi b’inganda z’imari bavuze ko "abagenzuzi bagomba gufata ingamba zo kurinda abashoramari ba crypto." [35] Ushinzwe isesengura ry’ikoranabuhanga Avivah Litan yagize icyo avuga kuri ecosystem ya cryptocurrency ko "byose ... bigomba gutera imbere cyane mubijyanye n'uburambe bw'abakoresha, kugenzura, umutekano, serivisi zabakiriya."