Çorum

City, large city, municipality
Part of	Central Karadeniz
Country	Turukiya
Capital of	Çorum ili
Located in the administrative territorial entity	Çorum ili
Coordinate location	40°32′56″N 34°57′12″E
Population	269595
Elevation above sea level	801 metre
Official website	www.corum.bel.tr

Çorum Çorum (Cho-rum) ni umujyi uherereye mu majyaruguru ya Anatoliya muri Turukiya. Uherereye imbere mu gihugu, mu gice cyo hagati cy'akarere ka Black Sea (Inyanja Yirabura), ukaba uri ku ntera ya kilometero 244 uvuye i Ankara na kilometero 608 uvuye i Istanbul. Ni wo murwa mukuru w'Intara ya Çorum ndetse n'Akarere ka Çorum. Mu mwaka wa 2022, wari utuwe n'abaturage 269,595. Uherereye ku butumburuke bwa metero 801 hejuru y'inyanja.Çorum izwi cyane kubera ahantu h'ubucukuzi bw'amateka bw'Abafurigiya (Phrygians) n'Abahiti (Hittites), amasoko y'amazi ashyushye avura indwara, ndetse n'ibiryo byayo bizwi cyane by'utubuto tw'ibishyimbo bikaranze (leblebi), bikundwa mu gihugu hose.Uyu mujyi ni umwe mu mijyi ikomeye yo mu majyaruguru ya Anatoliya rwagati, kandi uzwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera kuba wegereye Hattusa, umurwa mukuru w'Ubwami bwa kera bw'Abahiti ndetse n'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO. Nanone, Çorum izwi cyane nk'ahantu hakorerwa leblebi, ibishyimbo bikaranze by'umwihariko byabaye kimwe mu bimenyetso nyamukuru biranga uyu mujyi.

Amateka

Hari ibimenyetso byinshi by’ubucukumbuzi bw’amateka bigaragaza ko abantu batuye mu gace ka Çorum kuva mu Igihe cy’Amabuye cya Kera (Paleolithic Age). Aka gace karateye imbere cyane mu Igihe cy’Umuringa (Bronze Age), ubwo Ubwami bw’Abahiti (Hittite Empire) bwashingwaga hagati ya 1650 na 1200 mbere ya Yezu Kristu (BCE). Umurwa mukuru w’Abahiti, Hattusa, wari muri aka karere kubera ko kari gafite uburinzi bwiza bw’urusobe rw’imisozi ndetse n’ubukungu bwari bushingiye ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’ubucuruzi bwari bushyigikiwe na gahunda ya Karum.

Ubutegetsi bwagiye busimburana muri Çorum

Ubwami bw’Abahiti (Hittites): ahagana mu 1600–1200 BCE
Ubwami bwa Phrygia: ahagana mu 800–695 BCE
Ubwami bw’Achaemenid (Abaperesi): ahagana mu 547–333 BCE
Ubwami bwa Makedoniya: 333–323 BCE
Ubwami bwa Pontus: ahagana mu 281–63 BCE
Ubwami bw’Abaroma: 63 BCE–395 CE
Ubwami bwa Bizantine: 395–1071
Ubwami bwa Seljuk: 1071–mu myaka ya 1080
Ubwami bwa Danishmendid: ahagana mu 1080–1178
Sultanate ya Rum: 1178–1243
Ubwami bwa Ilkhanate: 1243–1335
Ubwami bwa Eretna Beylik: 1335–1381
Ubwami bwa Ottoman: 1398–1922
Repubulika ya Turukiya: 1923–kugeza ubu

Hari igitekerezo cy’abashakashatsi kivuga ko umujyi wa Euchaneia wo mu gihe cy’Ubwami bwa Bizantine ushobora kuba wari uherereye aho umujyi wa Çorum uri ubu cyangwa hafi yaho. Icyakora, abandi bashakashatsi bavuga ko Euchaneia yari iherereye kure gato mu burasirazuba, hafi ya Euchaita. Mu nyandiko z’Ikigereki cya kera n’iza Bizantine, Çorum yitwaga Niconia (Νικόνεια) cyangwa Nikonya mu Kilatini.

Inyandiko zo mu gihe cyo Hagati (Medieval period) nazo zita Çorum Yankoniya (Yankoniyye), mu gihe ibitabo by’amateka byanditswe nyuma bikoresha amazina Niconia cyangwa Nikonya. Ibi byose byerekana ko ayo mazina ashobora kuba yarerekezaga ku mudugudu umwe wabayeho mbere y’ubutegetsi bwa Ottoman.

Mu Nzu Ndangamurage y’Arikiyoloji ya Çorum (Çorum Archaeological Museum) habikwa ibisigazwa byinshi by’amateka, birimo:

Igice cy’inkono (pottery) yo mu gihe cy’Abafurigiya (Phrygians).
Igice cy’igiseke cyitwa Hüseyindede vase cyo mu gihe cya mbere cy’Abahiti.
Ikimenyetso cy’izuba (Sun Disk) cyakozwe hagati ya 2400–2200 BCE mu gihe cya Early Bronze Age, cyavumbuwe muri Alaca Höyük, ubu kikaba kibitswe mu Nzu Ndangamurage ya Eskişehir.

Amateka y’umujyi wa Çorum nk’uko uzwi ubu atangira gusa mu kinyejana cya 16. Inkomoko y’izina Çorum ntiramenyekana neza. Ryagaragaye bwa mbere mu nyandiko z’Ubwami bwa Ottoman rivuga ku gihome cya Seljuk cyitwaga Çorum Kalesi, nk’uko cyasobanuwe n’umunyamateka n’umugenzi Evliya Çelebi. Mu kinyejana cya 16 rwagati, icyo gihome cyari kigabanyijemo uturere tune twitwaga mahalle (uduce tw’umujyi). Kuva mu 1867 kugeza mu 1922, Çorum yari imwe mu mijyi yari igize Intara ya Angora (Ankara Vilayet) y’Ubwami bwa Ottoman.

Abaturage

Çorum ni umurwa mukuru w’Intara ya Çorum kandi ni na wo muyobozi w’imirimo y’ubuyobozi muri iyo ntara. Mu ntangiriro z’umwaka wa 2020, umujyi wari utuwe n’abaturage barenga 260,000. Intara yose ya Çorum ifite abaturage benshi kurushaho, batuye mu turere tw’icyaro no mu mijyi mito iyigize.

Uyu mujyi wakomeje kwiyongera mu mubare w’abaturage bitewe ahanini n’abimukira bava mu cyaro bajya mu mujyi gushaka imibereho myiza. Abenshi baturuka mu turere duhingwamo imyaka dukikije Çorum. Nk’indi mijyi myinshi yo muri Anatoliya rwagati, imiterere y’abaturage ba Çorum yagiye ihinduka bitewe n’iyimukire yo mu gihugu imbere ndetse n’amahirwe y’akazi aboneka mu nganda no mu rwego rwa serivisi.

Mu myaka yashize, umubare w’abaturage b’umujyi wakomeje kwiyongera ku buryo bugaragara. Mu mwaka wa 1970, Çorum yari ifite abaturage 57,576. Mu 1980, bari bageze kuri 75,726, mu 1985 bagera kuri 96,725, naho mu 1990 baba 116,810. Mu mwaka wa 2000, abaturage bari bamaze kugera kuri 161,321, mu 2009 baba 206,600, naho mu 2017 umujyi ugera ku baturage 227,863.Iri zamuka ry’abaturage rigaragaza iterambere ry’umujyi, ryatewe ahanini no kwimukira kw’abaturage bava mu cyaro baza gushaka akazi, uburezi, serivisi zitandukanye, n’ubuzima bwiza.

Ubukungu

Mu mateka, ubukungu bw’umujyi wa Çorum bwari bushingiye ahanini ku bucuruzi n’imirimo gakondo, nko gukora ibikoresho by’umuringa (coppersmithing), gutunganya uruhu (tanning), kuboha imyenda mu buryo bwa gakondo, ubuhinzi, ndetse n’ubworozi. Nubwo wari umujyi ufite umusaruro muto ugereranyije n’indi mijyi minini, wakomeje kugira ibikorwa by’ubukungu byibanze ku buzima bwa buri munsi bw’abaturage.Mu myaka igera kuri makumyabiri ishize, Çorum yagiye igaragaza iterambere rikomeye mu nganda no mu bijyanye n’ubwubatsi bw’imashini zoroshye (light engineering). Ibi byatumye ugera ku rwego rwo kuba umwe mu mijyi ifite inganda zateye imbere ugereranyije n’umubare w’abaturage bayo.Kera, umujyi wari ufite inganda zigera kuri 20 zikora amategura n’amatafari (tiles and bricks), ndetse n’inganda zigera kuri 10 zisya ifu n’ibiryo by’amatungo. Ubu ariko, umusaruro wawo wagutse cyane, aho ukora ibicuruzwa bitandukanye birimo sima, ibice by’imodoka, isukari itunganijwe, ibikomoka ku mata, imyenda, ndetse n’ibikoresho bya mudasobwa.Mu bihe bya vuba, n’ubworozi bw’inkoko nabwo bwabaye kimwe mu bice bigenda bitera imbere mu bukungu bw’uyu mujyi, bufasha mu kongera umusaruro w’ibiribwa n’iterambere ry’inganda zifitanye isano n’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi.

Uburezi

Uburezi bwo ku rwego rwa kaminuza muri Çorum butangwa ahanini na Hitit University, kaminuza ya leta yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2006. Iyi kaminuza itanga amasomo atandukanye mu mashami arimo ubumenyi bw’ubwubatsi n’ubuhanga (engineering), ubuvuzi, ubumenyi bw’imibereho, ndetse n’amategeko n’iyobokamana (theology).

Ishyirwaho ry’iyi kaminuza ryagize uruhare rukomeye mu guteza imbere uburezi n’umuco w’umujyi wa Çorum, rikanagira ingaruka nziza ku iterambere rusange ryawo.

Ubukerarugendo

Ubukerarugendo muri Çorum bushingiye cyane ku murage w’amateka n’ubucukuzi bw’ibisigazwa bya kera (archaeology). Uyu mujyi ni irembo rikuru rigana ahantu h’ingenzi cyane ho mu bihe by’Amabuye y’Umuringa n’Ubwami bw’Abahiti, harimo Hattusa, umurwa mukuru wa kera w’Ubwami bw’Abahiti kandi uri ku rutonde rwa UNESCO World Heritage Site, ndetse na Alacahöyük, rumwe mu hantu h’ingenzi cyane h’ubucukuzi bw’amateka muri Anatoliya.

Mu mujyi wa Çorum ubwawo, Nzu Ndangamurage ya Çorum (Çorum Museum) ni kimwe mu bikurura ba mukerarugendo bikomeye. Ibitse ibihangano byinshi n’ibisigazwa by’amateka byo mu bihe bitandukanye birimo iby’Abahiti, Abafurigiya, Abaroma, Abanyabizantine, Abaseljuki n’Abottoman. Harimo kandi ibihangano byavumbuwe i Hattusa, Alacahöyük na Şapinuva.

Ubukerarugendo bw’umuco nabwo bufashwa n’insengero za kera z’uyu mujyi, inyubako gakondo z’amateka, n’inzu ndangamurage zitandukanye. Byongeye kandi, Çorum izwi nk’imwe mu mijyi ikomeye muri Turukiya mu bushakashatsi n’ubumenyi ku mateka y’Abahiti, bikayongerera agaciro mu rwego mpuzamahanga.

Igihome cya Çorum (Çorum Castle / Çorum Kalesi)

Çorum Castle, izwi kandi ku izina rya Çorum Kalesi, ni igihome cy’amateka giherereye ku musozi w’amabuye ureba neza ikigo cy’umujyi wa Çorum.Nubwo itariki nyayo cyubatsweho itazwi neza, abashakashatsi benshi bemeza ko cyubatswe bwa mbere mu gihe cy’Ubwami bwa Bizantine, hanyuma kigasubirwamo kandi kigatunganywa mu bihe by’Ubwami bwa Seljuk ndetse n’Ubwami bwa Ottoman.Mu mateka yacyo, iki gihome cyakoreshwaga nk’ahantu h’ingabo ho kurinda umujyi no kugenzura inzira z’ubucuruzi n’ingendo zinyuraga muri ako karere, ndetse no kurinda abaturage b’aho hantu.Kugeza n’ubu, haracyari ibisigazwa by’inkuta zacyo n’imirongo y’ibyumba by’ingabo (towers). Iki gihome kandi ni kimwe mu bice bikurura ba mukerarugendo, kuko gitanga n’amaso meza areba umujyi wa Çorum ndetse n’icyaro kiyikikije.

Umuco

Umujyi wa Çorum ufite umurage ukungahaye w’umuco, wubakiye ku mateka maremare yawo nk’ahantu hatuwe n’umuhererekane w’imico n’imbaga zitandukanye zirimo Abahiti (Hittites), Ababyzantine, Abaselijuki (Seljuks) n’Abottomani (Ottomans). Buri myaka itatu, uyu mujyi wakira Inama Mpuzamahanga ku Bahiti (International Hittite Congress), igaragaza uruhare rukomeye Çorum ifite mu bushakashatsi ku mateka n’ubucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu butaka.Imigenzo gakondo yo muri Anatoliya iracyagaragara mu mibereho y’abaturage, cyane cyane mu muziki, ubukorikori ndetse no mu bikorwa byo guhurira hamwe nk’umuryango. Indirimbo gakondo n’umuco wo gutanga inkuru z’ihererekanywa mu magambo biracyafite umwanya ukomeye, cyane cyane mu bice by’icyaro bikikije uyu mujyi.Gutunganya no gukora leblebi (ibinyomoro bya poishe bikaranze) ni kimwe mu biranga umuco n’ubukungu bwa Çorum. Uyu muco umaze ibinyejana byinshi ukorwa muri uyu mujyi, kandi leblebi yabaye ikimenyetso kizwi kiranga Çorum. Kugeza n’ubu, hari inganda n’abacuruzi benshi bakomeza kuyitunganya no kuyohereza ku masoko yo muri Turukiya ndetse no mu bindi bihugu.

Inzu Ndangamurage ya Çorum

Inzu Ndangamurage ya Çorum ni yo rwego nyamukuru rushinzwe kubungabunga no kwerekana ibimenyetso by’amateka byakomotse mu bihe by’Abahiti (Hittites), Abafurigiya (Phrygians), Abaroma, n’Ababyzantine. Mu byo ibitse harimo ibikoresho bikozwe mu ibumba, ibyuma, amafaranga ya kera (ibiceri), n’ibindi byavumbuwe mu bucukumbuzi bwakorewe mu karere, cyane cyane muri Alacahöyük na Boğazköy-Hattusa.Iyi nzu ndangamurage kandi ifite igice cyerekana imibereho n’umuco w’abaturage bo mu cyaro cyo muri ako karere. Aho hagaragaramo ibikoresho gakondo byakoreshwaga mu buzima bwa buri munsi, hamwe n’ingero z’ubukorikori bw’iwabo, bifasha gusobanukirwa amateka n’imibereho y’abaturage ba Çorum n’akarere kayo.

Ubwikorezi

Sitasiyo y’Ibisi (Bus Terminal)

Çorum iherereye ku muhanda ukomeye uhuza Anatoliya yo Hagati (Central Anatolia) n’akarere k’inyanja y’Inyanja Yirabura (Black Sea region). Uyu mujyi uhuza n’imijyi ikomeye nka Ankara binyuze mu mihanda migari yo mu gihugu, bikawugira ihuriro rikomeye ry’ubwikorezi bwo mu gihugu imbere.Ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda ni bwo bukoreshwa cyane mu kugera muri uyu mujyi, kandi uhuza n’imihanda y’igihugu ihuza imbere mu gihugu cya Turukiya n’intara zo mu majyaruguru zegereye inyanja. Imishinga yo guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo harimo n’igenamigambi ryo guhuza Çorum n’imiyoboro ya gari ya moshi ndetse na gari ya moshi yihuta (high-speed rail).Hari inzira nyinshi zo kugera muri Çorum mu muhanda. Urugendo ruva mu murwa mukuru Ankara rukorwa unyuze ku muhanda E88. Hateganyijwe kandi ahantu ho guhagarara gari ya moshi yihuta izahuza Ankara–Samsun, ikanyura no muri Çorum, mu mushinga wa TCDD (Turkish State Railways).

Ubucukumbuzi bw’Amateka (Archaeology)

Akarere ka Çorum ni kamwe mu turere two muri Turukiya dufite akamaro kanini mu bucukumbuzi bw’amateka, kuko hari ibimenyetso by’uko abantu batuye muri ako gace kuva mu bihe bya kera cyane bya Paleolithic na Chalcolithic. Aka karere kandi kageze ku rwego rukomeye mu mateka y’Isi mu gihe cy’Icyuma cya Bronze (Bronze Age), aho kari mu murwa mukuru w’umuco w’Abahiti (Hittite civilization).Ahantu hatari kure nka Hattusa, wari umurwa mukuru w’Ubwami bw’Abahiti, ndetse na Yazılıkaya, ahabaga ibikorwa by’idini, byombi biri ku rutonde rwa UNESCO World Heritage Sites mu Ntara ya Çorum. Izindi site zikomeye z’ubucukumbuzi zirimo Alacahöyük na Sapinuwa, zigaragaza uko habayeho ubuzima buhoraho n’imiyoborere mu Anatoliya ya kera.Kubera kwegera ahantu hakomeye nk’Hattusa na Alacahöyük, Çorum yabaye imwe mu bigo bikomeye bya Turukiya mu bushakashatsi ku mateka y’Abahiti n’ubucukumbuzi. Inzu Ndangamurage ya Çorum ibitse ibihangano byinshi by’amateka byaturutse mu bihe by’Abahiti, Abafurigiya (Phrygians), Abaroma, Ababyzantine, Abaselijuki (Seljuks) n’Abottomani (Ottomans).Nyuma y’Ubwami bw’Abahiti, aka karere kagiye kagira ingaruka z’ubutegetsi bw’Abafurigiya, Abaperisi, Abaroma, Ababyzantine, hanyuma n’ibihugu by’Abanyaturukiya, bituma habeho uruhurirane rukomeye rw’amateka n’ubucukumbuzi butandukanye.

Ibidukikije n’Imiterere y’aho iherereye (Geography)

Çorum iherereye ku nkombe yo mu majyaruguru y’Ikarita Ndende ya Anatoliya yo Hagati (Central Anatolian Plateau). Uyu mujyi uri ku kibaya gikikijwe n’imisozi hirya no hino.Ishami rya Merzifon rya ikibari cy’imitingito cya Anatoliya y’Amajyaruguru (North Anatolian Fault) rinyura hafi, ku ntera ya kilometero nka 25 (ibilometero 16) mu majyaruguru ya Çorum. Umurongo nyamukuru w’icyo kibari cy’imitingito nawo uherereye ku ntera ya kilometero nka 60 (ibilometero 37) mu majyaruguru y’uyu mujyi.

Ikirere (Climate)

Çorum ifite ikirere cy’ubwoko bwa continental gishyushye mu mpeshyi (ukurikije classification ya Köppen: Dfb, cyangwa Trewartha: Dcb), aho haba impeshyi ishyushye kandi yumutse, n’itumba rikonje cyane kandi riherekejwe n’urubura.

Ibihe by’impeshyi birangwa n’izuba n’ubushyuhe, mu gihe itumba rirangwa n’ubukonje bukabije n’urubura. Ibihe by’impeshyi yoroheje (spring) n’izuba ry’umwaka risoza (autumn) byo birangwa n’imvura yoroheje n’ubushyuhe butari bwinshi.

Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwigeze kwandikwa: 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) ku wa 30 Nyakanga 2000.
Ubushyuhe bwo hasi bwigeze kwandikwa: −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) ku wa 23 Gashyantare 1985.

Abantu Bazwi bakomoka i Çorum (Notable People of Çorum)

İskilipli Mehmed Atıf Hoca – Umunyamadini wa Islamu uzwi cyane mu mateka ya Turukiya.
Süleyman Özmen – Umunyeshuri uzwi mu rugendo rw’abanenga ubutegetsi (Idealist student).
Elif Çakır – Umunyamakuru (journalist).
Nihat Nikerel – Umukinnyi wa filime (actor).
Âşık Gülabi – Umusizi n’umuririmbyi w’indirimbo gakondo (folk poet).
Mahmut Atalay – Umukinnyi w’umukino wo kurwana (wrestler), uzwi cyane mu mateka ya siporo ya Turukiya.

Abayobozi b’Umujyi wa Çorum (Mayors of Çorum Province)

1973–1984 & 1989–1994: Turhan Kılıççıoğlu (CHP, SHP)
1984–1989: Necdet Diken (ANAP)
1994–2002: Arif Ersoy (Refah Party, Fazilet Partisi, AK Party)
2002–2003: Ömer Abuhanoğlu (AK Party)
2003–2009: Turan Atlamaz (AK Party)
2009–2018: Muzaffer Külcü (AK Party)
2018–2019: Zeki Gül (AK Party)
2019–ubu: Halil İbrahim Aşgın (AK Party)

Reba nanone (See also)

Anatolian Tigers – Ijambo rikoreshwa mu kuvuga imijyi n’intara zo muri Anatoliya zateye imbere mu bukungu n’inganda mu buryo bwihuse.
Amasya – Umujyi wo muri Turukiya uzwiho amateka akomeye n’umuco gakondo, uri hafi ya Çorum.
Chickpea noghl – Ibiryo biryohereye bikozwe mu binyomoro (chickpeas), bikunda gukoreshwa nk’ifunguro ryo kurya cyangwa desert mu bice bimwe bya Turukiya na Iran.
Leblebi – Ibinomoro byokeje (roasted chickpeas), ibiryo gakondo bizwi cyane cyane mu mujyi wa Çorum kandi bikaba kimwe mu biranga umuco n’ubukungu bwawo.

Amashakiro