Reba inkomoko ya Ingaruka Zitabi

[[Dosiye:Risks form smoking-smoking can damage every part of the body.png|thumb|Igishushanyo cy'umubiri w'umuntu cyerekana kanseri n'indwara zidakira ziterwa no kunywa itabi]]
[[Itabi|Kunywa itabi]] bigira ingaruka mbi cyane kubuzima bwabantu no guhangayikishwa '''ningaruka zubuzima bwitabi''' bifite amateka maremare. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze ahanini ku kunywa [[itabi]] . <ref name="WHOPrevalenceAdultsAge15">{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of current tobacco use among adults aged=15 years (percentage) |url=https://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/compendium/2008/2ptu/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211143334/http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/compendium/2008/2ptu/en/ |archive-date=2008-12-11 |access-date=2009-01-02 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> <ref name="WHOMayoReport">{{Cite web |title=Mayo report on addressing the worldwide tobacco epidemic through effective, evidence-based treatment |url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/mayo/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040512172549/http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/mayo/en/index.html |archive-date=May 12, 2004 |access-date=2009-01-02 |publisher=World Health Organization |page=2}}</ref>Umwotsi w'itabi urimo [[:en:List_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens|imiti irenga 70]] [[:en:List_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens|itera kanseri]] . <ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=Tobacco Fact sheet N°339 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/ |access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> Itabi ririmo kandi [[:en:List_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens|nikotine]], ikaba ari ibiyobyabwenge byangiza cyane [[:en:Psychoactive_drug|psychoactive]] . Iyo itabi rinyweye, nikotine itera kwishingikiriza kumubiri no mubitekerezo. Itabi rigurishwa mu bihugu bitaratera imbere usanga rifite ibipimo byinshi, kandi ntibishobora kuyungurura, bikaba byongera ingaruka ziterwa n’itabi ry’indwara ziterwa n’itabi muri utwo turere.<ref name="Nichter_1991">https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fmaq.1991.5.3.02a00040</ref>  Kunywa itabi nimwe mu mpamvu zikomeye [[:en:Preventable_cause_of_death|zitera urupfu rushobora kwirindwa]] ku isi. <ref name="isbn92-4-159628-7">https://web.archive.org/web/20080308173338/http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf</ref> Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyabantu bakoresha itabi bapfa bazize ingorane zo gukoresha itabi. <ref name="WHO20142">{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=Tobacco Fact sheet N°339 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/ |access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> Ishami [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308173338/http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima] (OMS) rivuga ko buri mwaka itabi ritera impfu zigera kuri miliyoni 6 (hafi 10% by'impfu zose) hamwe 600.000 muri zo zikaba ziboneka mu batanywa itabi kubera umwotsi w’itabi . <ref name="WHO20142" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The top 10 causes of death |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314013115/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index2.html |archive-date=March 14, 2007 |access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> Bivugwa ko itabi ryahitanye abantu miliyoni 100 mu kinyejana cya 20. <ref name="WHO20142" /> Muri ubwo buryo, Ikigo cyo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara kivuga ko ikoreshwa ry’itabi ari "imwe mu ngaruka zikomeye zishobora kwirindwa ku buzima bw’abantu mu bihugu byateye imbere ndetse n’impamvu ikomeye y’urupfu rutaragera ku isi." <ref name="fn1">"[https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/you_can_quit/nicotine.htm Nicotine: A Powerful Addiction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501011931/http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/you_can_quit/nicotine.htm|date=2009-05-01}}." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</ref> Kugeza ubu, umubare w'abantu bapfa imburagihe muri Amerika bazize kunywa itabi ku mwaka uruta umubare w'abakozi bakoreshwa mu nganda z'itabi kuri 4 kugeza kuri 1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=These Two Industries Kill More People Than They Employ |url=https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/these-two-industries-kill-more-people-than-they-employ/ |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=IFLScience}}</ref> Nk’uko byagaragajwe mu mwaka wa 2014 mu ''[[:en:Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention|kinyamakuru cyitwa New England Journal of Medicine]]'', itabi rizahitana abantu bagera kuri miliyari imwe mu kinyejana cya 21 niba ubu itabi rikomeje, kimwe cya kabiri cyabo mbere y’imyaka 70.<ref>https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83fbcac3e5d959923397aaa07317a14c852b4948</ref>

== Kumenyekanisha ==
Mu 1953, abahanga bo mu kigo cya [[:en:Memorial_Sloan–Kettering_Cancer_Center|Sloan-Kettering]] mu mujyi wa New York berekanye ko itabi ry’itabi ryanditswe ku ruhu rw'imbeba ryateye kanseri yica. <ref name="isbn1-59691-610-9">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt</ref> Iki gikorwa cyashimishije cyane itangazamakuru; ikinyamakuru ''New York Times'' ''n'Ubuzima'' byombi byagaragaje ikibazo. ''Umusomyi Digest'' yasohoye ingingo yise "Kanseri na Carton".<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt</ref> Ku ya 11 Mutarama 1964, Raporo [[:en:Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States|y’Ubuvuzi Bukuru]] bwa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika [[:en:Smoking_and_Health:_Report_of_the_Advisory_Committee_to_the_Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States|ku itabi n’ubuzima]] yashyizwe ahagaragara; ibi byatumye abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni banywa itabi ryabanyamerika bareka, kubuza kwamamaza bimwe, hamwe nibisabwa kubirango biburira ibicuruzwa byitabi. Ibisubizo byemerwa bwa mbere mu buvuzi, kandi bitangazwa mu baturage muri rusange, hagati ya za 1960. <ref name="dolls_history">https://web.archive.org/web/20181001070108/http://www.toxicology.usu.edu/endnote/doll-effects-of-smoking-smmr-7-87-1998.pdf</ref> Umuryango w’abaganga wanze igitekerezo kivuga ko itabi ryateje indwara ryatewe no kubogama kw’abaganga baterwa na nikotine, agashya k’imihindagurikire y’imihindagurikire y'ikirere ikenewe kugira ngo hakoreshwe uburyo bwa epidemiologi na heuristique ku ndwara zitandura, ndetse n’igitutu cy’inganda z’itabi.
<ref name="dolls_history" />Ingaruka zubuzima bwitabi zagize uruhare runini mugutezimbere siyanse ya [[:en:Epidemiology|epidemiologiya]] . Nkuko uburyo bwa kanseri butera [[:en:Stochastic|radiomimetike]] cyangwa radiologiya, ingaruka zirakomeye. Ibisobanuro bisobanutse birashobora gutangwa gusa kubijyanye no kwiyongera cyangwa kugabanuka amahirwe yo kwandura indwara runaka. Ku muntu runaka, ntibishoboka kwerekana byimazeyo isano iri hagati yo guhura nuburozi bwa radiomimetike nkumwotsi w itabi na kanseri ikurikira; imvugo nkiyi irashobora gutangwa gusa kurwego rusange rwabaturage. Amasosiyete y’itabi yifashishije iyi myumvire ya filozofiya kandi akoresha ugushidikanya kw’abaganga batekereza ko ari abantu ku giti cyabo, ku isano iterwa no kwerekana uburozi nk’indwara nyirizina.<ref name="isbn0-465-07047-7">https://archive.org/details/cigarettecentury00bran</ref>

Ubushinwa bufite abaturage benshi banywa itabi, bukurikirwa [[Ubuhinde|n'Ubuhinde]] . Ubuhinde bufite abaturage benshi bahekenya itabi ku isi. Abantu 154 bapfa buri saha mu Buhinde bazira itabi. <ref>https://www.factchecker.in/data-dive/data-dive-tobacco-kills-3700-people-every-day-causes-27-of-cancer-cases-820260</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization</ref>

== Ingaruka zubuzima bwitabi ==
[[Dosiye:Rational harm assessment of drugs radar plot.svg|thumb|Impuguke z’ibiyobyabwenge mubuvuzi bwo mu mutwe, chimie, farumasi, siyanse yubucamanza, epidemiologiya, hamwe n’abapolisi n’inzego z’amategeko bakora isesengura rya delphic ryerekeye ibiyobyabwenge 20 bizwi cyane. Itabi ryashyizwe ku mwanya wa 3 mu kwishingikiriza, ku mwanya wa 14 mu kwangiza umubiri, no ku mwanya wa 12 mu kwangiza imibereho. ]]
Kunywa itabi bikunze gutera indwara zifata umutima [[:en:Respiratory_system|n'ibihaha]] kandi bikunze kwibasira ahantu nk'amaboko cyangwa ibirenge. Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’ibibazo by’ubuzima bijyanye n’itabi bikunze kugaragara nko kunanirwa ku mpera, aho kunywa itabi ari byo bintu nyamukuru bitera [[:en:Myocardial_infarction|indwara z'umutima]], [[:en:Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease|indwara zidakira zifata ibihaha]] (COPD), [[:en:Emphysema|emphysema]], na [[:en:Cancer|kanseri]], cyane cyane kanseri y'ibihaha, kanseri yo mu muhogo na umunwa, na kanseri y'urwagashya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ASPA |title=Health Effects of Tobacco |url=http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920224920/http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/index.html |archive-date=2014-09-20 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref> Muri rusange icyizere cyo kubaho nacyo kigabanuka mubanywa itabi igihe kirekire, ugereranije ko kuva kumyaka 10 <ref name="Doll_2004">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2541142</ref> kugeza 17.9 <ref name="urlLife Expectancy at Age 30: Nonsmoking Versus Smoking Men">{{Cite web |title=Life Expectancy at Age 30: Nonsmoking Versus Smoking Men |url=http://tobaccodocuments.org/ti/TIMN0020615-0620.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419010343/http://tobaccodocuments.org/ti/TIMN0020615-0620.html |archive-date=2012-04-19 |access-date=2012-05-06 |publisher=Tobacco Documents Online}}</ref> ugereranije nabatanywa itabi. <ref name="pmid10192312">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aje.a009865</ref> Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyigihe kirekire cyitabi ryabagabo bazapfa bazize indwara kubera itabi. <ref name="pmid7755693">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aje.a009865</ref> Ihuriro ryitabi na kanseri yibihaha rirakomeye, haba mubitekerezo bya rubanda ndetse na etiologique. Mu banywi b'itabi b'abagabo, ibyago byo kubaho kwa kanseri y'ibihaha ni 17.2%; mu banywi b'itabi b'abagore, ibyago ni 11,6%. Izi ngaruka ziri hasi cyane kubatanywa itabi: 1,3% kubagabo na 1.4% kubagore. <ref name="pmid7895211">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7895211</ref>

=== Referances ===
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[[Ikiciro:Health]]