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Winter Paralympic Games

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Imikino ya Paralempike y'Imbeho nirushanwa mpuzamahangarihuza abakinnyi bafitubumuga bw'umubiri, amaso, n'ubwonko ahobarushanwa mumikino y'urubura n'urubura . Irirushanwa ririmo abakinnyi bafitubumuga bwokugenda, ubumuga bwogucikamibice, ubumuga bwokutabona, n'ubumuga bwo mu bwonko . Imikino ya Paralempike y'Imbeho iba buri myaka ine nyuma y'imikino Olempike y'Imbeho kandi (kuva mu 1992) yaberaga muruwomujyi. Komite Mpuzamahanga y'Imikino ya Paralempike (IPC) igenzura iyimikino. Imidari itangwa muriburi irushanwa: zahabu kumwanya wambere, feza kuwa kabiri, n'umuringa kuwa gatatu, hakurikijwe umuco w'uko imikino Olempike yatangiye mu 1904.

Imikino ya Paralympic y'itumba yatangiye mu 1976 i Örnsköldsvik, muri Suwede. Iyomikino niyo ya mbere Paralympic yagaragayemo abakinnyi batari abagendera kuntebe z'abamugaye. Imikino yagutse kandi ikura, harimo n'imikino ya Paralympic y'impeshyi, ibigice cy'imikino mpuzamahanga minini nyuma ya Olempike. Bitewe n'uko yagutse, hakenewe uburyo bwihariye bwo gushyira mu byiciro . Ububuryo kandi bwatejimpaka kandi bufungura inzira zitandukanye zogukopera, byangije ubunyangamugayo bw'imikino.

Noruveje yabayigihugu kiri kumwanya wambere (imidari) mumikino ine ya Paralempike y'itumba: 1980, 1988, 1994, na 1998. Ubudage bwabaye igihugu kiri kumwanya wambere (imidari) mu mikino itatu ya Paralempike y'itumba: 1976, 2002, na 2010. Uburusiya ( 2006 na 2014 ) na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ( 1992 na 2018 ) byabaye igihugu kiri ku mwanya wa mbere inshuro ebyiri buri kimwe. Otirishiya ( 1984 ) n'Ubushinwa ( 2022 ) byabaye igihugu kiri kumwanya wa mbere inshuro imwe buri kimwe. [1]

Amateka

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Inkomoko y'imikino ya Paralympic y'itumba isacyane n'imikino ya Paralympic y'impeshyi . Abasirikare bakomeretse bavuye mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yosebashakaga siporo nk'inzira yo gukira. [2] Yateguwe na Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, amarushanwa y'imikino hagati y'ibitaro by'Abongereza byakiraga indwara yatangiyemu 1948 akomeza kugeza mu 1960 ubwimikino Olempike yaberaga i Roma nyuma y'imikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi yo mu 1960. Abakinnyi b'amagare barenga 400 bitabiriye imikino ya Paralympic yo mu 1960, yajekwitwa Paralympic ya mbere. [2]

Ikimenyetso cyemewe kuva Paralympike yambere yaberaga Örnsköldsvik, Suwede, 1976

Sepp Zwicknagl, watangije imikino yogusiganwa kurubura kubakinnyi bafite ubumuga, yari umukinnyi wo gusiganwa ku rubura wo muri Otirishiya ufite amaguru abiri, wagerageje gusiganwa ku rubura akoresheje ibyuma bisimbura. Akazi ke kafashije abantu bafite ubumuga kwitabira imikino yo mu gihe cy'itumba. [3] Iterambere ryagenze buhoro, kandi nibwo mu 1974 habaye irushanwa rya mbere ryemewe ku isi ku bakinnyi bafite ubumuga, ryarimo gusiganwa ku misozi no gusiganwa ku maguru. [3] Imikino yambere y’abamugaye yabereye mugihe cy'itumba mu 1976 i Örnsköldsvik, muri Suwede kuva ku ya 21 kugeza ku ya 28 Gashyantare. Imikino yogusiganwa ku rubura mumisozi miremire no mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba nibyo byari ingenzi ariko gusiganwa kurubura byashyizwemo nk'igikorwa cyokwerekana. [3] Hari abakinnyi 198 bitabiriye baturutse mu bihugu 16, [4] kandi ni bwo bwa mbere abakinnyi bafite ubumuga uretse abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw'ibimuga bemerewe gusiganwa. [5]

Guhera mu 1988, imikino Olempike y'abamugaye yomu mpeshyi yabereye mumujyi umwe n'imikino Olempike y'impeshyi . Ibibyatewe n'amasezerano yagiranyehagati ya Komite Mpuzamahanga Olempike (IOC) na Komite Mpuzamahanga y'abamugaye (IPC). Imikino ya Paralempike y'imbeho yo mu 1992 ni yoyambere mumikino y'imbeho yakoresheje ibikoresho bimwe n'imikino Olempike y'imbeho . [5]

Uburiganya

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  Abakinnyi bakopfoye cyanemukugaragaza ubumuga kugira ngobagire amahirwe yoguhangana, no gukoresha imiti yongerimbaraga. [6] [7] Umudagukina skiing Thomas Oelsner yabaye umukinnyi wa mbere wa Paralympian mugihe cy'itumba wapimwe imiti ya steroide mu 2002. Yariyaratsindiye imidari ibiriya zahabu mumikino yomumisozi miremire arikoyambuwe imidari ye. [8] Imwemu mpungenge abayobozi ba Paralympic ububahanganye nuburyo bwokongera umuvuduko w'amaraso, buzwi nka autonomic dysreflexia . Ukwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'amaraso gushobora kongera imikorere kukigero cya 15% kandi ningirakamaro cyane mumikino yokwihangana nko gusiganwa ku maguru . Kongera umuvuduko w'amaraso abakinnyi baterihungabana kumaguru nkana munsi y'igikomere cy'umugongo. Iri hungabana rishobora kuba ririmo kuvunika amagufwa, guhambira ingingo cyane nogukoresha amasogisi yogukandacyane. Imvunentibabaza umukinnyi ariko igira ingaruka ku mubiri kandi igira ingaruka ku muvuduko w'amaraso w'umukinnyi, kimwe n'uburyo bushobora gukoreshwa nkokureka uruhago rukazura cyane. [9]

Komite Mpuzamahanga y’Imikino y’Abamugaye (IPC) yasanze ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko uburyo bwo gusiganwa ku maguru bwakozwe mu mikino y’abamugaye yo mu gihe cy’itumba ya 2014 i Sochi. Kuya 7 Kanama 2016, Inama Nyobozi ya IPC yatoye kumugaragaro kwikipe yose y’Uburusiya ibujijwe kwitabira imikino y’abamugaye yo mu mpeshyi ya 2016, ivuga ko Komite y’Imikino y’Abamugaye y’Uburusiya idashobora gushyira mubikorwa Itegeko rya IPC ryokurwanya imiti ikoreshwa mu gusiganwa ku maguru n’Itegeko Mpuzamahanga ryo kurwanya imiti ikoreshwa mugusiganwa kumaguru, ariryo "gisabwa n’itegeko nshinga". Perezida wa IPC, Sir Philip Craven, yavuze ko guverinoma y’Uburusiya "yananiwe cyane abakinnyi bayo ba Para". Perezida w’Inama y’Abakinnyi ba IPC, Todd Nicholson, yavuzeko Uburusiya bwakoresheje abakinnyi nk'"abakoresha imbaraga" kugira ngo "byerekane ubuhanga ku isi".

Ibyiciro by'abafite ubumuga

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IPC yashyizeho ibyicirobitandatu by'abafite ubumuga birebimikino y'abafite ubumuga yomu mpeshyi n'iy'itumba. Abakinnyi bafitebumwe murububumuga bw'umubiri bashobora kwitabira imikino y'abafite ubumuga, nubwo atari buri siporo ishobora kwemerera buricyiciro cy'abafite ubumuga. [10]

  • Abacitse urugingo : Abakinnyi bafite igice cyangwa igice cy'urugingo nibura kimwe cyatakaye .
  • Indwara yo mu bwonko : Abakinnyi bafite ikibazo cy’ubwonko kidakomeza kwangirika, urugero nk’indwara yo mu bwonko itera indwara, imvune yo mu bwonko iterwa n’ihungabana, ubumuga bwo mu bwonko cyangwa ubumuga nk’ubwo bugira ingaruka ku mikorere y’imitsi, kuringaniza cyangwa guhuza imikorere .
  • Ubumuga bwo mu mutwe : Abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bukomeye mu mikorere y'ubwenge n'imbogamizi zijyanye nabwo mu myitwarire ijyanye no kwiyubaka.
  • Intebe y'abamugaye : Abakinnyi bafite imvune zo mu mugongo n'ubundi bumuga bubasaba gusiganwa mu igare ry'abamugaye .
  • Abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona : Abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona kuva ku kutabona igice, bihagije kugira ngo bacirweho iteka nk'impumyi, kugeza ku buhumyi busesuye.
  • Les Autres : Abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw'umubiri budashyirwa mu cyiciro kimwe mu bindi byiciro bitanu, nko kuba dwarfism, multiple sclerosis cyangwa ubumuga bw'ingingo nk'ubwo buterwa na thalidomide (izina ry'iki cyiciro ni Igifaransa risobanura "abandi"). [10]

Gushyira mu byiciro

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Andy Soule, umukinnyi w'abamugaye muri 12.5 isiganwa rya km ryo kwambuka igihugu mu mikino Olempike y'itumba yo mu 2010

Mubyiciro bitandatu by'abafitubumuga, abakinnyi bagombakugabanywa hakurikijwe urwego rw'ubumugabwabo. Uburyo bwo gushyira mubyiciro butandukanye bitewe n'imikino. Uburyo bugenewe gufungura imikino ya Paralympic ku bakinnyi benshi bashoboka, bashobora kwitabira amarushanwa atunganye n'abakinnyi bafite ubushobozi bumwe. Ibintubingana cyane mu marushanwa y'abadafite ubumuga ni ibyiciro by'imyaka mu mikino y'abana bato, n'ibiro mu mikino yokurwana, guterana iteramakofe, noguterura ibiremereye. Ibyiciro biratandukanye hakurikijwe ubuhanga butandukanye busabwa kugira ngo umuntu akore uyumukino. Ikibazo gikomeye muri gahunda yogushyira mubyiciro nuburyobwo gusobanurubwoko bwinshi n'uburemere bw'ubumuga. Kubera iyompamvu, hazabaho ubumuga butandukanye mucyicirorunaka. [11] Ibikurikira ni urutonde rw'imikino ya Paralympic y'itumba n'uburyo ishyirwa mubyiciro.

Gusiganwa kurubura mumisozi miremire : Haribintu bibiri mugusiganwa kurubura mumisozi miremire: slalom na slalom nini. Gusiganwa ku rubura mu misozi miremire byakira abakinnyi bafite ubumugabukurikira: imvune z'umugongo, indwara zomubwonko, gucibwa ibice by'umubiri, Les Autres n'ubumuga bwo kutabona neza. Hariibyiciro cumi na kimwe, birindwi kubakinnyi bahagaze, bitatu ku bakinnyi bicaye, na bitatu kubakinnyi bafitubumuga bwokutabona. Ibyiciro bigenwa n'urwego rw'imikorere y'abakinnyi n'ibikenewe kubikoresho bibafasha (prosthesis, inkingi zo gusiganwa ku rubura, nibindi). [12] Umusaraba wa Snowboard ubu uri muri iki cyiciro, nubwo amarushanwa azabaho gusa mu byiciro bike (reba hepfo).

Biathlon : Biathlon nuruhurirane rw'imikino yogusiganwa kurubura hamwenokurasa intego. Bisaba imbaraga z'umubiri nokurasaneza. Ibibirori bifunguye kubakinnyi bafitubumuga bw'umubiri n'ubumuga bwokutabona. Haribyiciro cumi na bitanu ahwabakinnyi bazashyirwamo bitewe n'urwego rw'imikorere yabo. Ibyiciro cumi na bibiri ni iby'abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw'umubiri naho bitatu ni iby'abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona. Abakinnyi barushanwa hamwe, kandi igihe cyo kurangiza gishyirwa muburyo bw'icyiciro cyabo cy'ubumuga kugira ngo hamenyekane uko abakinnyi barangiza muri rusange. Abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwokutabona bashobora guhatana binyuze mu gukoresha ibimenyetso by'amajwi. Ubukana bw'ibimenyetso buratandukanye bitewe niba umukinnyi arikuntego cyangwa atari yo. [13]

Gusiganwa ku rubura mu misozi miremire : Gusiganwa kurubura mumisozi miremire, bizwi kandi nka Nordic skiing, bifunguye ku bakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe, ubumuga bwo kutabona neza nokutabona neza. Hariho ibyiciro cumi na bitanu, bitatu ku bakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona neza, icyenda kubakinnyi bahagaze na bitatu kubakinnyi bicaye. Ibyiciro bigenwa mu buryo bumwe no gusiganwa kurubura mu misozi miremire hibandwa ku rwego rw'imikorere y'abakinnyi n'uburyo bakeneye ibikoresho bibafasha. [14]

Umukino wa Hockey wo mu bwoko bwa “ice sledge” mu mikino ya Paralympic y'itumba ya 2010

Hoki yo mu Rubura : Hoki yomu Rubura ifunguye gusakubakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw'umubiri mu gice cyohasi cy'umubiri wabo. Kuva mu 2010 yabaye umukinuvanze n'ibitsina mumikino Paralympique y'itumba, ariko abakinnyi b'abagore baracyari bake [15] Uyu mukino ukinwa hakoreshejwe amategeko mpuzamahanga ya hoki hamwe n'impinduka zimwe na zimwe. Abakinnyi bicara ku rubura rufite ibyuma bibiri byemerera puck kujya munsi y'urubura. Bakoresha kandi inkoni ebyiri, zifite icyuma gisunika n'icyuma gifata amasasu. Abakinnyi bashyizwe mu matsinda atatu: itsinda rya 1 ni iry'abakinnyi badafiticyuma gifata amasasu cyangwa bafite ubumuga bukomeye mu ngingo zo hejuru no hasi, itsinda rya 2 ni iry'abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwo kwicara n'ubumuga buciriritse mugingo zabonaho abakinnyi bomwitsinda rya 3 bafite uburinganire bwiza n'ubumuga buciriritse mungingo zabo zohejuru nohasi. [16]

Gusimbuka kw'abamugaye : Gusimbuka kw'abamugaye nigikorwa cy'ikipe y'abakinnyi bafite ubumuga buhoraho bwo hasibubasaba gukoresha intebe y'abamugaye mubuzima bwabobwa buri munsi. Abakinnyi bafitubumuga bwomumutwe cyangwindwara ya Sclerosis nyinshi nabo bashobora gukina iyo bakoresheje intebe y'abamugaye. Gutanga ibuye bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe intoki cyangwahakoreshejwe inkingi. Ntabyiciro biharimuri ikigikorwa uretseko abakinnyi bose bitabiriye bagomba kuba bakeneye intebe y'abamugaye kugira ngo bashobore kugenda buri munsi. [17]

Para snowboard : Kuya 2 Gicurasi 2012, Komite Mpuzamahanga y’Imikino y’Abamugaye (IPC) yemeje kumugaragaro Para snowboarding (yahoze yitwa adaptive snowboarding ) nk'umudari mu mikino ya Para snowboarding yo mu gihe cy'itumba ya 2014 munsi ya Alpine Skiing. Habayeho amarushanwa yo gusiganwa ku rubura kubagabo n'abagore. [18] Irushanwa rya mbere ry’imikino y’abamugaye ryabereyemo abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw’amaguru yo hasi gusa. Abakinnyi baciwe ingingo bemerewe kwambara icyuma gikingira. Ibirori byabereye mu buryo bw’igihe, ariko nta buryo bwakozwe hashingiwe kurwego rw’ubumuga bw’umukinnyi. Mumikino y’abamugaye yo mu gihe cy'itumba ya 2018, umubare w’imikino wariyongereye uva kuri 2 ugera kuri 10, aho ibice by’amaguru yo hasi byagabanyijwemo amatsinda abiri (LL-1 kubafite ubumuga bukomeye na LL-2 ku bafite ubumuga buke), ndetse no kongeramo slalom ya banki . Irushanwa ryo gusiganwa ku rubura ryakozwe muburyo bwoguhangana n’itsinda ry’abakinnyi (snowboard cross) hamwe n’amarushanwa menshi yo gukubitana kugirangohamenyekane abatsinze imidari. [19] Mu 2022, hongeweho amarushanwa ku bakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwohejuru, ariko IPC yakuyeho icyiciro cya LL-1 cy’abagore kubera ibura ry’abakinnyi muri iryotsinda. Abobakinnyi babanje kubuzwa nagato kwitabira irushanwa kugeza ubwo Brenna Huckaby womuri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yatsinze mu rubanza rwo "guhangana" n’itsinda rya LL-2.

Urutonde rw'imikino Paralempike

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Hari igihe imikino itandukanye yagiye iba igice cya gahunda ya Paralympic.

Siporo Imyaka
Isiganwa ry'ibirombe byo mu rubura 1980–1988, 1994–1998
Para alpine skiing 1976–ubu
Para biathlon kuva mu 1988
Para skiing yo mu gihugu hose 1976–ubu
Hockey y'urubura ya Para kuva mu 1994
Para snowboard kuva mu 2014
Kuzunguruka kw'intebe y'abamugaye kuva mu 2006

Imbonerahamwe y'imidari y'ibihe byose

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Dukurikije amakuruyemewe ya Komite Mpuzamahanga y’Imikino y’Abamugaye . Iyi mbonerahamwe igaragaza ibihugu 20 byambere, hakurikijwe umubare wazahabu, hanyuma ifeza, hanyuma umuringa.

Olempike y'abamugaye mu gihe cy'itumba (1976–2022)

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No. Nation Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1  Norway (NOR) 13 140 111 86 334
2  United States (USA) 13 117 130 88 335
3  Austria (AUT) 13 109 118 116 343
4  Germany (GER) 9 109 85 81 275
5  Russia (RUS) 6 84 88 61 233
6  Finland (FIN) 13 79 51 62 192
7  France (FRA) 13 63 57 60 183
8  Canada (CAN) 13 58 52 76 186
9  Switzerland (SUI) 13 53 55 50 158
10  West Germany (FRG) 4 42 43 35 120
11  Ukraine (UKR) 7 38 51 52 141
12  Sweden (SWE) 13 28 35 44 107
13  Japan (JPN) 13 27 42 37 97
14  China (CHN) 6 19 20 23 62
15  Slovakia (SVK) 8 18 21 22 61
17  New Zealand (NZL) 12 17 7 11 35
18  Italy (ITA) 12 16 25 32 73
19  Spain (ESP) 12 15 16 12 43
20  Australia (AUS) 12 12 6 17 35

Urutonde rw'imikino ya Paralympic y'itumba

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   Inkomoko: [20]

Games Year Host Opened by Dates National Paralympic Committees Competitors Sports Events Top Nation
Total Men Women
1 1976 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden 21–28 February 16 196 2 53  West Germany (FRG)
2 1980 Geilo, Norway King Olav V of Norway 1–7 February 18 299 63  Norway (NOR)
3 1984 Innsbruck, Austria President Rudolf Kirchschläger 14–20 January 21 419 3 107  Austria (AUT)
4 1988 Innsbruck, Austria President Kurt Waldheim 18–25 January 22 377 4 97  Norway (NOR)
5 1992 Tignes - Albertville, France President François Mitterrand 25 March – 1 April 24 365 288 77 3 78  United States (USA)
6 1994 Lillehammer, Norway Queen Sonja of Norway 10–19 March 31 471 5 133  Norway (NOR)
7 1998 Nagano, Japan Crown Prince Naruhito 5–14 March 32 571 122  Norway (NOR)
8 2002 Salt Lake City, United States President George W. Bush 7–16 March 36 416 4 92  Germany (GER)
9 2006 Turin, Italy President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 10–19 March 39 486 5 58  Russia (RUS)
10 2010 Vancouver, Canada Governor General Michaëlle Jean 12–21 March 44 506 64  Germany (GER)
11 2014 Sochi, Russia President Vladimir Putin 7–16 March 45 550 6 72  Russia (RUS)
12 2018 Pyeongchang, South Korea President Moon Jae-in 9–18 March 49 569 80  United States (USA)
13 2022 Beijing, China President Xi Jinping 4–13 March 46 564 78  China (CHN)
14 2026 Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy 6–15 March 79
15 2030 French Alps, France 1-10 March
16 2034 Utah, United States 10–19 March

 

  • Imikino ya Paralempike yo mu mpeshyi

Amareferensi

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  1. ↑ "Paralympic Games - Results". International Paralympic Committee (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  2. 1 2 "History of the Paralympics". BBC Sport. 2008-09-04. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  3. 1 2 3 "Örnsköldsvik 1976". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
  4. ↑ "Results search". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
  5. 1 2 "History of the Paralympic Games". The Government of Canada. Retrieved 2010-04-14. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "history" defined multiple times with different content.
  6. ↑ Slot, Owen (2001-02-03). "Cheating shame of Paralympics". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  7. ↑ Grey-Thompson, Tanni (2008-09-11). "Cheating does happen in the Paralympics". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2012-08-28. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  8. ↑ Maffly, Bryan (2002-03-13). "Skier Fails Drug Test". Salt Lake 2002 Paralympics. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  9. ↑ "Paralympic athletes who harm themselves to perform better". BBC News Magazine. BBC. 2012-08-22. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  10. 1 2 "Making sense of the categories". BBC Sport. 2000-10-06. Retrieved 2010-04-07. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "categories" defined multiple times with different content.
  11. ↑ "Athlete Classification". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  12. ↑ "Alpine Skiing". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  13. ↑ "Biathlon". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  14. ↑ "Classification information sheet Nordic Skiing". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  15. ↑ "Para ice hockey". Milano Cortina 2026. International Olympic Comittee. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  16. ↑ "Ice Sledge Hockey". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  17. ↑ "Wheelchair curling". Australian Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  18. ↑ "Para-Snowboard Included in Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games | IPC". Paralympic.org. 2012-05-28. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  19. ↑ "Para Alpine Skiing Rules & Classification". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
  20. ↑ "Paralympic Games - Summer and Winter Paralympics". International Paralympic Committee.
  21. "The IPC suspends the Russian Paralympic Committee with immediate effect". International Paralympic Committee. 7 August 2016.
  22. Craven, Philip (7 August 2016). "The IPC decision on the membership status of the Russian Paralympic Committee". International Paralympic Committee.
  23. Nicholson, Todd (7 August 2016). "The IPC decision on the membership status of the Russian Paralympic Committee". International Paralympic Committee.
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Amasano yo hanze

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Inyandikorugero:Paralympic GamesInyandikorugero:Nations at the ParalympicsInyandikorugero:Paralympic Winter Games Host CitiesInyandikorugero:Multi-sport events

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