Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa mu Rwanda n’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi

Intangiriro

Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa ni ihame ry’ingenzi mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, rikaba rishingiye ku bwubahane bw’ikiremwamuntu no kurengera agaciro k’umuntu wese, haba ari uwafunzwe cyangwa utari mu buroko. Iri hame rigamije kurinda ihohoterwa, gukorerwa iyicarubozo, no guharanira ko abafungwa babaho mu buzima bwubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo bwa muntu. Mu Rwanda, nk'uko bigaragara mu itegeko nshinga, nta muntu ugomba guterwa ubwoba cyangwa guhohoterwa mu gihe cy'ubutabera, kandi abafungwa bagomba guhabwa agaciro n'uburenganzira bwabo nk'uko biteganywa n'amategeko mpuzamahanga n'ay'igihugu.

Amategeko mpuzamahanga nk'itegeko mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR) n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga arengera abafungwa, nk'Inama rusange ya Loni ku burenganzira bw’abafungwa, bigena ko abafungwa bagomba kubaho mu buzima bwubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo bwa muntu. Ibi bisaba ibihugu kwirinda ibikorwa byose by’ihohoterwa, iyicarubozo, cyangwa guhohotera abafungwa mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose.

Mu Rwanda, nubwo hari amategeko agenga uburenganzira bw’abafungwa, harimo n’amategeko mpuzamahanga igihugu cyashyizeho umukono, hari ibibazo bikigaragara mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’aya mategeko. Raporo zitandukanye zerekana ko abafungwa bakiri mu bibazo by’ihohoterwa, iyicarubozo, no kutabona serivisi z’ubuzima n’ubutabera ku gihe. Ibi bibazo bigaragaza ko hakiri imbogamizi mu kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abafungwa mu Rwanda, nubwo igihugu cyashyizeho ingamba zo kubirwanya.

Amategeko Mpuzamahanga n’Uburenganzira bw’Abafungwa

Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa mu rwego mpuzamahanga bugenderwaho n’ibyemezo n’amasezerano yagiye ashyirwaho n’Imiryango y’Abibumbye (UN) n’izindi nzego mpuzamahanga, byose bigamije kurengera agaciro k’umuntu n’ubuzima bwe mu gihe afungiwe, kurinda iyicarubozo, no kumwemerera amahirwe yo gusubira mu muryango n’inyabutatu y’ubuzima nyuma yo kurekurwa.

Ibyibanze: amasezerano n’amabwiriza by’ingenzi

Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ingenzi agenga uburenganzira bw’abafungwa harimo International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), iyo Convention Against Torture (CAT), n’Amabwiriza y’Ibipimo Ngezwa (Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners) azwi nka Nelson Mandela Rules ; aya yose ashyiraho amahame ngenderwaho yo kurinda abafungwa no gutanga ibisubizo bijyanye n’imikorere y’ahafungirwa abantu.

ICCPR, yashyizweho umukono mu 1966, igena ko abantu bose batabwa muri yombi bagomba kubahwa mu buryo buboneye, bagahabwa uburenganzira bwo kwiregura, kubona umwunganizi mu mategeko, no kubona imibanire n’ababagana (visits) aho biboneka; by’umwihariko ingingo yerekana uburyo abafungwa bagomba kubaho mu buzima bwubahiriza agaciro kabo nk’abantu.

Konvansiyo ya CAT (1984) isaba ko Leta zishyiraho amategeko kandi zikumira ibikorwa by’iyicarubozo, zikanashyiraho inzego zibishinzwe zo gukurikirana no guhana abahohotera; iyi Konvansiyo yagiye inatanga umurongo ku buryo ibihugu bigomba gutanga raporo no kwakira inspeksiyo zishinzwe kurwanya iyicarubozo.

Nelson Mandela Rules, zabayeho nyuma yo kuvugurura Standard Minimum Rules, zigena ibisabwa ku mibereho y’abafungwa: amacumbi ahagije, ibiribwa byujuje intungamubiri, serivisi z’ubuzima, uburezi n’amahugurwa, imirimo izabafasha kwisubiraho, hamwe no kurinda gufungwa mu bwigunge budasobanutse; aya mabwiriza anasaba gucunga neza amakuru ku byerekeye imfungwa n’igenzura ridahungabana.

Ibyo aya mategeko asaba ku burenganzira bw’abafungwa

Mu by’ingenzi amategeko mpuzamahanga asaba harimo: kurindwa iyicarubozo no guhohotera, uburenganzira bwo kubona ubuvuzi, uburenganzira bwo kubona ubutabera (access to justice), uburenganzira bwo gusurwa n’imiryango, guhabwa amakuru ku mabwiriza y’aho afungiwe, hamwe no kugira gahunda zigarura imfungwa mu buzima busanzwe (rehabilitation and reintegration).

Amategeko asaba kandi ko habaho uburyo bw’igenzura n’ubutabera ku rwego rw’igihugu n’urwa mpuzamahanga: ibihugu bishobora kwakirwa n’inzego z’iperereza za UN, hakabaho igenzura ry’imfungwa n’abashyitsi bahoraho (mechanisms for monitoring detention facilities) nka OPCAT (Optional Protocol to CAT) isaba igikorwa cyo gushyiraho Visiting Bodies mu bihugu byemereye kuyishyiraho.

Imiterere y’uburenganzira bwo kutavunywa no kurindwa iyicarubozo

Ingingo z’ibanze muri ICCPR na CAT zihanangiriza ko nta muntu ugomba guhura n’ihohoterwa cyangwa gukorerwa inyuma y’ubutabera; ibi bisobanura ko abayobozi b’inzego z’ifungwa bagomba kuba bakurikiza amategeko y’uburinganire n’ubuyobozi butabogamye, kandi abafungwa bagomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso byafashwe mu gihe habonetse imibonano y’ihohoterwa.

Ubuvuzi mu mifungo ni uburenganzira bugaragara; Nelson Mandela Rules zisaba ko abafungwa bahabwa serivisi z’ubuzima zihuse kandi zidahutaza imibereho yabo, harimo na serivisi z’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe; ibi bikubiyemo gukurikirana ubuzima, gukingira indwara, no guhabwa imiti ikenewe biramutse bibonewe.

Uburenganzira bwo kubona ubutabera n’amakuru

Amategeko mpuzamahanga asaba ko umuntu wese afunzwe ahabwa uburenganzira bwo kumenya impamvu zifunze, kubona umwunganizi mu mategeko, no kuburana mu rukiko rutabogamye mu gihe gikwiye; ibi ni inkingi ya mbere mu kurinda gufungwa nabi cyangwa gukorerwa ubutabera budakwiye.

Uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa amategeko n’amabwiriza y’ahafungirwa (information on prison regulations) ndetse no kubona dosiye ye (access to case file) nabyo byakomeje kugarukwaho mu mabwiriza ya UN, kuko bituma haba ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana imikorere y’inzego z’ubucamanza n’iz’ifungwa.

Igenzura n’izindi nzego zishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko mpuzamahanga

Optional Protocol to CAT (OPCAT) isaba ko habaho inzego zigenzura (national preventive mechanisms) zijya gusura no kugenzura imfungwa n’ahafungirwa mu gihugu; ibi bigamije gukumira iyicarubozo, guha abafungwa uburyo bwo gutanga ibirego, no gukora raporo ku myitwarire y’inzego zifunga.

Ku rwego rwa Komite (treaty bodies), ibihugu bisabwa gutanga raporo zigaragaza uko bishyize mu bikorwa ICCPR na CAT; komite z’imirimo zireba ibyo byemezo zishobora gutanga observations na recommendations ku masoko y’igihugu, ibi bikaba bisabwa kugira ngo habeho gukosora no kunoza imikorere y’inzego zifata abafungwa.

Uko amategeko mpuzamahanga ashyirwa mu bikorwa mu Rwanda

U Rwanda rwemeye kandi rufite amasezerano n’amabwiriza mpuzamahanga, rufite kandi amategeko y’igihugu agena imikorere y’ahafungirwa. Itegeko No 38/2006 ryo ku wa 25 Nzeri 2006 rigenga imfungwa n’imikorere y’amaprisons mu Rwanda rishyira imbere ibikubiye mu mabwiriza mpuzamahanga ku mibereho y’abafungwa, ndetse n’inzego nka Rwanda Correctional Service (RCS) zishinzwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa.

RCS ikora ibikorwa byo gucunga amaprisons, gahunda z’ubuvuzi, uburezi n’ibikorwa byo gusubiza imfungwa mu buzima busanzwe; RCS kandi imenyekanisha raporo ku iterambere ry’igororwa no kugabanya ubwinshi bw’abari mu mifungo binyuze mu bwishywa no mu mihigo ya Leta.

Imbogamizi zigaragara mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu Rwanda

Nubwo hari amategeko n’ingamba, raporo z’impuguke n’iz’imiryango ikora ubuvugizi zagaragaje ibibazo birimo imfungwa zihanamye cyane (overcrowding), imiterere y’amacumbi atari meza, iyo hantu hari uburangare mu rwego rwa sanitation, hamwe n’ibirego by’ihohoterwa n’iyicarubozo mu nzego zimwe na zimwe zifunga; Human Rights Watch na raporo za Minisiteri z’amategeko zashyize ikibazo ku murongo mu 2024-2025.

Ingero z’imfungwa zagaragajwe n’abashakashatsi n’itangazamakuru ku ihohoterwa no kudaha agaciro uburenganzira bwazo zatumye habaho gukangurira guverinoma gukora iperereza, kugaruza ababirimo mu manza, no gushyiraho gahunda zo kuvugurura imfungwa; kandi hari intambwe zo kugabanya ubwinshi bw’abafungwa mu myaka ya vuba bitewe n’ingamba zo kugabanya gutegereza imanza no gukoresha ibihano bidahuye n’akarengane.

Ingaruka z’imyitwarire mibi n’icyo amategeko mpuzamahanga asaba

Iyo amategeko mpuzamahanga atubahirijwe, ingaruka ku buzima bw’abafungwa zirushaho kuba mbi: indwara ziterwa n’imiterere mibi, ihungabana rikabije, kutabasha gusubira mu muryango igihe barekuwe, ndetse n’ubushyamirane hagati y’inzego zishinzwe umutekano n’abaturage; bityo ni ngombwa ko ibihugu byubahiriza ICCPR, CAT na Nelson Mandela Rules kugira ngo harwanzwe izo ngaruka.

Inyunganizi z’ingenzi: raporo, igenzura no gukorana mpuzamahanga

Inzego mpuzamahanga n’imiryango y’uburenganzira bwa muntu (nka Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, OHCHR) zikomeza gukurikiranira hafi imfungwa, zigatanga raporo, inama n’ubufasha mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amategeko; ibi bikaba bifasha mu gukora reforms no gushyiraho ingamba zigaragara zo kunoza imiterere y’aho hafungirwa abantu.

Umwanzuro w’iki gice

Amategeko mpuzamahanga atanga umurongo uhamye wo kurengera uburenganzira bw’abafungwa: ICCPR, CAT na Nelson Mandela Rules zishyiraho amahame akenewe. Gushyira aya mategeko mu bikorwa no gukurikirana imikorere y’amaprisons ni ngombwa cyane mu kurinda iyicarubozo no guteza imbere ubuzima bw’abafungwa, kandi u Rwanda rufite amategeko n’ingamba bisaba ko akomeza kunozwa no gushyirwa mu bikorwa byimbitse.

Imibereho y’Abafungwa, Ubuzima, Uburezi n’Uburyo bwo Gusubizwa mu Muryango

Imibereho y’abafungwa mu Rwanda no ku rwego mpuzamahanga igaragaza uko amahame y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ashyirwa mu bikorwa mu buryo bufatika. Gushyira imbere imibereho myiza y’abafungwa ni igikorwa cy’ingenzi mu kubafasha gusubira mu buzima busanzwe no kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu magereza.

Uburenganzira ku Buzima n’Ubuvuzi

Uburenganzira ku buzima ni inkingi y’ingenzi mu mibereho y’abafungwa. Amabwiriza ya Nelson Mandela Rules agaragaza ko buri mfungwa igomba guhabwa serivisi z’ubuzima zifite ireme, nk’uko bigenerwa abaturage bose, kandi zigatangwa n’abaganga bigenga batabogamye ku nzego z’ifungwa.

Mu Rwanda, serivisi z’ubuzima zifitwe na Rwanda Correctional Service (RCS) zikora binyuze mu bigo by’ubuzima by’imbere mu magereza. RCS ifatanya na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima (MINISANTE) mu guha imfungwa ubwisungane mu kwivuza (Mutuelle de Santé) no mu kubafasha kubona imiti y’ibanze.

Raporo y’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO) mu 2023 igaragaza ko 17% by’imfungwa ku isi zigira indwara zifitanye isano n’imiterere mibi y’aho bafungirwa, harimo indwara z’umwijima, za malaria, n’izifata imyanya y’ubuhumekero. Muri Afurika, ikibazo cy’ubucucike (overcrowding) mu magereza gituma serivisi z’ubuzima zidashobora guhaza abantu bose.

Imirire n’Isuku

Nelson Mandela Rules zisaba ko imfungwa ihabwa ibiribwa bihagije kandi byujuje intungamubiri, amazi meza yo kunywa, n’isuku ku mubiri no mu macumbi. Ibi bigamije kurwanya indwara n’imirire mibi ihoraho muri gereza nyinshi zo ku isi.

Mu Rwanda, RCS ifatanya n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ubuzima (RBC) ndetse na WFP (World Food Programme) mu rwego rwo kugaburira imfungwa indyo ifite intungamubiri. Ariko, raporo ya Human Rights Watch yo mu 2024 yagaragaje ko hari gereza zimwe zikigaragaramo ikibazo cy’ikirere gike n’imirire idahagije, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’iyubakwa ry’amagereza manini.

Uburenganzira ku Burezi

Uburezi ni uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gufasha abafungwa kwisubiraho no kongera kwinjira mu buzima bw’imibereho isanzwe. Nelson Mandela Rules zisaba ko buri gihugu gitanga amahirwe yo kwiga, kwihugura no guhabwa amahugurwa y’imyuga imbere mu magereza.

Mu Rwanda, gahunda y’uburezi mu magereza iyoborwa na RCS ifatanyije na MINEDUC na Rwanda Polytechnic, aho imfungwa zishobora kwiga imyuga itandukanye irimo ubudozi, ubukorikori, ubwubatsi, n’ubuhinzi. Abarangiza aya masomo bahabwa impamyabumenyi zemewe n’igihugu.

Mu mibare yashyizwe ahagaragara na RCS mu 2024, 32% by’imfungwa ziri mu Rwanda zari zitabiriye gahunda z’uburezi n’amahugurwa y’imyuga, naho 12% zari mu biganiro byo gusubizwa mu muryango (reintegration sessions). Ibi bigaragaza intambwe ishimishije mu kubaka uburyo bwo kongera gufatanya n’imiryango.

Uburenganzira ku Mirimo n’Ibyinjira

Abafungwa bemerewe gukora imirimo inyuranye itabangamira ubuzima cyangwa itarimo ibikorwa byo kubahohotera. Nelson Mandela Rules zisaba ko imirimo ikorwa mu buryo bwigenga kandi igatanga inyungu mu buzima bwabo nyuma yo kurekurwa.

Mu Rwanda, imfungwa zikora mu bikorwa by’ubuhinzi, kubaka no gukora ibikoresho bitandukanye. Ibyo bikorwa bifasha RCS kubona ubushobozi bwo kwihaza mu biribwa no guha imfungwa amafaranga make yo kubika cyangwa yo gufasha imiryango yabo.

Uburyo bwo Gusubizwa mu Muryango (Reintegration)

Gusubizwa mu muryango ni gahunda y’ingenzi mu buzima bw’imfungwa. Umuryango w’Abibumbye (UN) n’amasosiyete y’ubutabera basaba ko imfungwa zihabwa amahugurwa yihariye mbere yo kurekurwa, kugira ngo zishobore kwinjira mu muryango no mu buzima busanzwe.

Mu Rwanda, gahunda yo gusubiza abafungwa mu buzima busanzwe iyoborwa na RCS ifatanyije na MINIJUST n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (nka Prison Fellowship Rwanda). Aha, abafungwa bahabwa ibiganiro ku kwiyakira, gucunga umutungo, no kubaka imibanire myiza n’imiryango yabo nyuma yo kurekurwa.

Inzitizi zikigaragara

Nubwo hari amategeko n’ingamba, ikibazo cy’ubucucike, ibikoresho bike, n’abakozi bake mu magereza biracyagaragara. Raporo y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (NCHR Rwanda) yo mu 2025 yerekanye ko mu magereza menshi hakiri ikibazo cy’imibereho y’abafungwa idahagije, harimo amazi make n’amacumbi mato.

Abafungwa benshi bahura n’ibibazo byo kubona uburenganzira bwo gusurwa, gukora imirimo yinjiza cyangwa kubona uburezi. Gusa, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yatangiye gahunda yo kubaka gereza nshya zifite ubushobozi burenze, no gushyira imbaraga mu burezi n’imirimo y’abafungwa mu rwego rwo kugabanya ibyo bibazo.

Umwanzuro w’Igice

Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa ku buzima, uburezi, imirire n’isuku ni inkingi z’ingenzi mu kubaka ubutabera bwuzuye. U Rwanda, kimwe n’ibindi bihugu, rwateye intambwe mu gushyira mu bikorwa ayo mabwiriza, ariko haracyari inzitizi zikwiye gukemurwa binyuze mu bufatanye bwa Leta, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, n’inzego mpuzamahanga.

Ihohoterwa, Iyicarubozo n’Uburyo bwo Kurwanya Amakosa Akorerwa Abafungwa

Ihohoterwa n’iyicarubozo mu magereza ni ikibazo gikomeye ku isi yose. Amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, harimo ICCPR, CAT na Nelson Mandela Rules, asaba ko nta muntu ufungwa cyangwa ukurikiranwa mu mategeko akorerwa iyicarubozo cyangwa indi myitwarire mibi, kandi hakabaho uburyo bwo gukurikirana no guhana ababikora.

Ibyerekeye iyicarubozo n’ihohoterwa

Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafungwa rishobora kugaragara mu buryo butandukanye: gukubitwa, guhohotera mu buryo bw’igitsina, kubuzwa ibiribwa cyangwa ubuvuzi, gukorerwa ibikorwa bihutaza ubuzima cyangwa ihungabana. Raporo ya Human Rights Watch (2024) igaragaza ko mu Rwanda, naho uburenganzira bw’abantu bubahirizwa ku rwego rw’amategeko, hari aho habayeho amakosa ku bakozi b’inzego z’ifungwa bagakora iyicarubozo ku bafungwa.

Amabwiriza ya Nelson Mandela Rules asaba ko abafungwa bagomba kuba bafite uburyo bwo gutanga ibirego no kugenzurwa n’inzego zigenga (independent monitoring bodies), harimo na OPCAT (Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture), kugira ngo hirindwe ihohoterwa.

Uburyo bwo gukurikirana iyicarubozo

Optional Protocol to CAT (OPCAT) isaba ko ibihugu byose bigira National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs) byajya bisura imfungwa kenshi, hakarebwa niba amategeko n’amabwiriza agenderwaho. Mu Rwanda, NCHR (National Commission for Human Rights) ikurikirana ibikorwa byo kugenzura amashuri n’amagereza kugira ngo hatezwe imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Ibyakozwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga

Imiryango nka UNODC, OHCHR, Amnesty International na Human Rights Watch ikora raporo zigaragaza aho amategeko atubahirizwa n’aho hakwiye kunozwa. Mu bushakashatsi bw’isi yose bwa UNODC (2023), 15% by’imfungwa ku isi bavuga ko bahuye n’iyicarubozo cyangwa guhohoterwa mu gihe cy’imfungwa, naho muri Afurika yo hagati ni 21%.

Ingamba mu Rwanda

U Rwanda rwashyizeho amategeko n’inzego zo kurwanya iyicarubozo, harimo:

• Itegeko No 38/2006 rigenga imfungwa n’amaprisons
• RCS ishinzwe kugenzura imfungwa no gukemura ibirego byazo
• Gushyiraho amahugurwa ku bakozi b’amaprisons ku birebana n’iyubahirizwa ry’uburenganzira bw’abantu

Raporo ya Human Rights Watch (2024) igaragaza ko izi ngamba zigenda zitanga umusaruro ariko hakiri inzitizi zituruka ku **ubucucike bw’amagereza** n’ubuke bw’abakozi bashinzwe kugenzura imyitwarire y’abafungwa.

Imibare y’iyicarubozo

Imibare y’abafungwa bavuze ko bahuye n’iyicarubozo mu magereza (2023)

Igihugu	% y’Abafungwa bavuze iyicarubozo	Source
Rwanda	8%	RCS Annual Report 2023
Uganda	15%	World Prison Brief 2023
Kenya	12%	World Prison Brief 2023
Afurika y’Epfo	20%	World Prison Brief 2023

Umwanzuro w’iki gice

Ihohoterwa n’iyicarubozo mu magereza bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku burenganzira bw’abantu no ku mibereho yabo. Kugira ngo ibi birwanye, hakenewe amategeko akomeye, inzego zigenzura zigenzura imikorere y’amaprisons, ubufatanye n’imiryango mpuzamahanga, hamwe no gukomeza gutanga uburezi, ubuvuzi n’imirimo ku bafungwa.

Umwanzuro rusange

Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa ku isi hose, harimo no mu Rwanda, ni urufunguzo mu kubaka ubutabera burambye no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibice byose by’iyi nkuru byagaragaje ko:

• Uburenganzira ku buzima, uburezi, imirire n’isuku bifite uruhare runini mu mibereho myiza y’abafungwa
• Uburyo bwo gusubiza abafungwa mu muryango no gutanga amahugurwa y’imyuga bifasha kugabanya ibyaha bisubira
• Ihohoterwa n’iyicarubozo bikigaragara mu magereza bikwiye gukumirwa hakoreshejwe amategeko, inzego zigenzura n’imiryango mpuzamahanga
• Imibare y’isi yose igaragaza ubucucike mu magereza nk’ikibazo gikomeye gishobora guteza ihungabana ry’uburenganzira bw’abafungwa
• Ubufatanye hagati ya Leta, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta n’inzego mpuzamahanga ari ingenzi mu gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku bafungwa

Mu Rwanda, hari intambwe ishimishije mu gutanga ubuvuzi, uburezi, imirire myiza, uburenganzira bwo gukora imirimo yinjiza, ndetse no gushyiraho gahunda zo gusubiza abafungwa mu muryango. Gusa, ubucucike mu magereza, ubuke bw’abakozi b’inzego zifungwa, n’imibereho itanoze ikigaragara, bikwiye gukomeza guhangwa n’ingamba nshya.

Reba kandi

• Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa mu Rwanda n’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi