Uburenganzira bw’Abaturage (Civil Liberties)
Uburenganzira bw'abaturage ni uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bw'ibanze buri ku rwego rw’umuntu, aho leta yemera kutabuhungabanya, haba binyuze mu Itegeko Nshinga, amategeko asanzwe, cyangwa ibisobanuro by’imanza, kandi hatabayeho gukurikiza amategeko agenga imikorere y’ubutabera.[1][2]
Buri gihugu kigira uburyo bwacyo bwo gusobanura uburenganzira bw’abaturage, ariko akenshi harimo:
- Ubwisanzure bw’umutima n’imyemerere (freedom of conscience and religion)
- Ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga no gutanga ibitekerezo (freedom of expression, freedom of speech)
- Ubwisanzure bwo gutanga amakuru n’itangazamakuru (freedom of the press)
- Ubwisanzure bwo guteranira hamwe (freedom of assembly)
- Uburenganzira ku mutekano w’umuntu n’ubwigenge bwite (personal security and liberty)
- Uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza n’uburenganzira bwo kuba umuntu wubaha amategeko (right to life and due process)
- Uburenganzira ku mutungo n’uburenganzira bwo kwirwanaho (property rights and self-defense)[3][4]
Inyito Rusange n’Amateka
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Uburenganzira bw’abaturage bushobora kugaragarira mu Itegeko Nshinga, ibikubiye mu mategeko y’ibanze, cyangwa mu masezerano mpuzamahanga nka:
Igitekerezo cya civil liberties gishobora gusubizwa inyuma kugeza ku Itegeko rya Magna Carta ryashyizweho mu Bwongereza muri 1215, rikaba ryari ishingiro ry’uburenganzira bw’abaturage n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze.[7]
Uburenganzira bw’abaturage buracyari ikibazo mu bihugu byinshi bitewe n’ingaruka z’intambara, iterabwoba, n’icyemezo cyo gusubika uburenganzira bwihariye mu bihe byihutirwa.[8]
Uburenganzira bw’Abaturage mu Bihugu Bitandukanye
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Ubushinwa
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa rirengera uburenganzira bw’abaturage ku rwego runaka, cyane cyane Ingingo z’Iburenganzira n’Inshingano z’Abaturage. Ariko, mu bikorwa bya politiki, leta ikoresha amategeko yiswe "subversion of state power" na "protection of state secrets" mu gufunga abagaragaje ibitekerezo bibangamiye ishyaka rya Communist Party n’abayobozi b’igihugu.[9][10]
Ubuhinde
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Itegeko Nshinga ry’Ubuhinde (Part III) rirengera uburenganzira bw’ibanze (Fundamental Rights) burimo uburinganire, ubwigenge, uburenganzira bwo kurengera umutungo, ubwisanzure bw’iyobokamana, n’uburenganzira ku bucuruzi n’uburezi.[11]
- Ibi birenganzira byubahirizwa n’ubutabera, kandi umuntu wese, atitaye ku idini, ubwoko, igitsina, cyangwa inkomoko, ashobora gusaba inkiko nkuru (High Court cyangwa Supreme Court) kubirengera, harimo no gukoresha "public interest litigation".[12]
- Itegeko Nshinga ry’Ubuhinde ritekereza ko uburenganzira bwo kuvuga, guteranira hamwe, no gutura busabwa kubahirizwa n’abaturage gusa, naho uburenganzira bwo kwaka akazi no kurengera uburenganzira bwose bugomba kubahirizwa n’abaturage bose.[13]
Ubuyapani
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Itegeko Nshinga ry’Ubuyapani rya 1947, rizwi nka "Postwar Constitution" cyangwa "Peace Constitution", rirengera uburenganzira bw’abaturage cyane mu bice 10–40, harimo n’Ingingo ya 25 ishyiraho uburenganzira bwo kugira imibereho iboneye.[14]
- Uburyo bwo kubahiriza ubu burenganzira bwagaragajwe mu mategeko yo guha abagore n’abagabo amahirwe angana mu kazi (Equal Opportunity in Employment Law, 1985) ndetse no kwemerera Itegeko Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu muri 1979.[15]
- Ariko, hari ibibazo birimo gukorerwa abana, abatishoboye, abagore, abanyamahanga, n’abantu bafite ubumuga, bikagaragara mu bushakashatsi bw’abagize uruhare mu kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu.[16]
References
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]- ↑ Mill, J.S. (1859). On Liberty. Project Gutenberg.
- ↑ Hayek, F.A. (1944). The Road to Serfdom. Internet Archive.
- ↑ Rand, A. (1957). Atlas Shrugged. Ayn Rand Institute.
- ↑ Paul, R. (2007). The Revolution: A Manifesto. Ron Paul Institute.
- ↑ Council of Europe. (1950). European Convention on Human Rights. Council of Europe.
- ↑ United Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. OHCHR.
- ↑ British Library. (1215). Magna Carta.
- ↑ UN Human Rights Office. (2020). Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism. OHCHR.
- ↑ Constitution of the People's Republic of China. (1982). Constitution of PRC. National People's Congress.
- ↑ Human Rights Watch. (2023). China: Events of 2023. HRW.
- ↑ Government of India. (1950). Fundamental Rights, Constitution of India. Legislative Department.
- ↑ Shah, S. (2018). Public Interest Litigation in India. Legal Service India.
- ↑ Government of India. (1950). Fundamental Rights, Constitution of India.
- ↑ Constitution of Japan. (1947). Constitution of Japan. Government of Japan.
- ↑ Matsui, S. (2015). Human Rights in Japan. The Japan Focus.
- ↑ Human Rights Watch. (2022). Japan: Human Rights Report. HRW.