Uburenganzira bw'Abagore mu Rwanda n'Iterambere ry'Umugore

Uburenganzira bw'Abagore mu Rwanda ni imwe mu ngingo zafashije igihugu kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'uburinganire n'iterambere ry'imibereho myiza. U Rwanda rwabaye igihugu cya mbere ku isi rufite abagore benshi mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, rugera kuri 63.3% by’intebe mu mwaka wa 2024.

Mu myaka yakurikiye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Leta y’u Rwanda yashyize imbere politiki n’amategeko agamije kugarura uburenganzira bw’umugore, kumurinda ihohoterwa no kumufasha kugira uruhare mu bukungu n’imiyoborere y’igihugu.

Iyi nyandiko isuzuma amateka y’uburenganzira bw’abagore, uko byagiye byiyongera, intambwe imaze guterwa, imbogamizi zisigaye, n’uko iterambere ry’umugore rifasha igihugu mu buryo bw’imibereho, ubukungu n’imiyoborere.

Amateka y'Uburenganzira bw'Abagore mu Rwanda

Mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, abagore mu Rwanda bari bafite uruhare ruto cyane mu miyoborere n’ubukungu bw’igihugu. Imyumvire ya kera yashyiraga umugore mu rugo, ikamugabanyiriza amahirwe yo kwiga no kugira umutungo.

Nyuma ya 1994, gahunda zinyuranye zashyizweho, zirimo iyubahirizwa ry’uburinganire mu mategeko, gushyiraho Ministeri y’Uburinganire n’Iterambere ry’Umuryango (MIGEPROF), ndetse no kubaka inzego zishinzwe kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uburinganire nka Gender Monitoring Office.

Ibi byatumye umugore w’Umunyarwanda ava mu rwego rwo kuba “ufasha mu rugo” akajya mu rwego rw’umuyobozi, umushoramari, umucuruzi cyangwa umuhinzi ufite uburenganzira busesuye bwo gucunga umutungo we bwite.

Amategeko n'Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ashingiye ku Burenganzira bw'Abagore

Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho uburyo bw’amategeko buha umugore uburenganzira bungana n’ubw’umugabo mu nzego zose. Ibi bigaragara cyane mu:

• Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 (ryavuguruwe mu 2015), aho ingingo ya 10 ivuga ko “Abagore n’abagabo bafite uburenganzira bungana mu by’amategeko, mu miyoborere, n’ubukungu.”
• Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga nk’aya CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) u Rwanda rwasinye mu 1981.
• Protocole de Maputo (African Union Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa), yemejwe n’u Rwanda mu 2004.
• Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), yemejwe n’u Rwanda mu rwego rwo gushyigikira uburinganire n’iterambere ry’abagore.

Mu rwego rw’imbere mu gihugu, hashyizweho amategeko asobanutse yerekeye:

• Uburenganzira ku butaka – Itegeko No. 43/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena ko abagore n’abagabo bafite uburenganzira bungana mu guhabwa no gutunga ubutaka.
• Kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina – Itegeko No. 59/2008 rigamije kurengera abagore n’abana rishingiye ku gukumira no guhana abakoze ihohoterwa.
• Politiki y’Igihugu y’Uburinganire yashyizweho na MIGEPROF muri 2010, igamije gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo kugenzura uburinganire mu nzego zose za Leta n’abikorera.

Imibereho n’Imibare y’Uburenganzira bw’Abagore mu Rwanda

Mu myaka ya vuba, imibare igaragaza ko abagore mu Rwanda bagenda bagira uruhare runini mu nzego zose z’ubuzima – uburezi, ubukungu, ubuzima, n’imiyoborere.

Uburezi

Mu rwego rw’uburezi, U Rwanda rwashyizeho gahunda yo gutuma abakobwa bagira amahirwe angana n’abahungu mu mashuri yose. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2023, abakobwa bigaga mu mashuri yisumbuye bari 59.3%, mu gihe abahungu bari 40.7%. Muri kaminuza, umubare w’abagore wiyongereye ugera kuri 46.2% mu mwaka wa 2024. Leta yashyizeho porogaramu nka “Girls’ Education Policy” n’iyitwa “STEM for Girls” igamije kongera ubwitabire bw’abakobwa mu masomo y’ubumenyi, ikoranabuhanga n’imibare.

Ubuzima

Mu rwego rw’ubuzima, abagore bashobora kubona serivisi z’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, kuboneza urubyaro, no kuboneza gahunda y’ababyeyi. 98% by’abagore batwite bitabira nibura uruzinduko rumwe kwa muganga mbere yo kubyara. Indangamuntu y’igihugu (Mutuelle de Santé) yatumye abagore benshi bashobora kubona serivisi z’ubuzima ku giciro gito, bituma urupfu rw’ababyeyi rugabanyuka cyane kuva ku 1071 ku bana 100,000 bavuka (mu 2000) rugera kuri 210 mu 2023.

Ubukungu

Abagore bagira uruhare rukomeye mu bukungu bw’igihugu. 68.9% by’abaturage bakora ubuhinzi, kandi 94.8% by’abagore bafite ubutaka butangwa n’amategeko. Nubwo abagore bafite uruhare mu buhinzi, abashobora kubona inguzanyo mu mabanki baracyari 35% gusa ugereranyije n’abagabo 65%. Leta yashyizeho gahunda “Women Guarantee Fund” ifasha abagore kubona inguzanyo mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi no kwihangira imirimo.

Imiyoborere n'Ubutabera

Abagore mu Rwanda bafite uruhare runini mu miyoborere. Mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, abagore bafite 63.3% by’intebe, mu gihe mu Nama Njyanama z’Uturere bari 49%. Mu rwego rw’ubutabera, 52% by’abacamanza ni abagore, ndetse 48% by’abashinjacyaha bakuru ni abagore.

Intambwe zimaze guterwa

U Rwanda rufatwa nk’igihugu cy’intangarugero muri Afurika mu gushyira mu bikorwa uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umugore.

Amavugurura mu Mategeko

Amategeko yo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ayo ku mitungo, n’ayo ku butaka yahawe imbaraga, bituma abagore bagira uburenganzira busesuye. Ibi byagize uruhare rukomeye mu kugabanya ihohoterwa no kongera umutekano w’umugore mu muryango.

Politiki n’Ubukangurambaga

Porogaramu nka HeForShe Rwanda yatumye abagabo nabo baba abafatanyabikorwa mu rugamba rwo guteza imbere uburinganire. Hari kandi gahunda za Leta ziteza imbere abagore mu bucuruzi n’ubuhinzi nka “Hanga Umurimo”, “Made in Rwanda”, na “Kuremera Program”.

Uruhare rw’Imiryango Mpuzamahanga

Imiryango nka UN Women, USAID, na ActionAid yatanze inkunga mu bikorwa by’ubukungu n’uburezi bw’abagore, ishyiraho amahugurwa n’amikoro yo guteza imbere ubushobozi bw’abagore mu cyaro.

Imbogamizi zisigaye

Nubwo intambwe imaze guterwa ari nyinshi, haracyari imbogamizi mu nzego zimwe.

Imyumvire n’Umuco

Hari ibice by’igihugu bigifite imyumvire ya kera igaragaza umugore nk’udashobora gufata ibyemezo cyangwa kuyobora. Ibi bigira ingaruka ku bwisanzure n’ubushobozi bwe mu miyoborere y’aho atuye.

Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku Gitsina

Nubwo amategeko ahari, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina riracyabaho cyane mu ngo. 31% by’abagore baracyavuga ko bahura n’ihohoterwa ryo mu ngo. Gahunda zo gukumira ihohoterwa, nka Isange One Stop Centre, zafashije gutanga ubufasha bwihuse ariko zikenewe mu gihugu hose.

Ubukungu n’Ikoranabuhanga

Abagore mu cyaro bafite amahirwe make yo kubona ikoranabuhanga. 64% gusa ni bo bafite telefone ngendanwa, mu gihe 32% gusa bafite interineti. Ibi bituma bagira uruhare ruke mu bucuruzi bushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga.

Ingaruka z’Iterambere ry’Umugore ku gihugu

Iterambere ry’umugore ryagize uruhare rukomeye mu kubaka ubukungu n’imibereho myiza mu Rwanda.

Mu Bukungu

Kongerera abagore ubushobozi byatumye ubukungu bw’igihugu bwiyongera. Inyigo ya World Bank igaragaza ko uburinganire mu bukungu bwongereye umusaruro w’igihugu ku gipimo cya 2% buri mwaka.

Mu Muryango n'Ubuzima

Abagore bafite ubushobozi n’ubumenyi bafasha mu iterambere ry’imiryango yabo, bakagira uruhare mu kurera neza, kubungabunga ubuzima no guteza imbere uburezi bw’abana.

Mu Miyoborere

Ubwitabire bw’abagore mu miyoborere bwagize uruhare mu gukumira ruswa no kuzamura imikorere y’inzego za Leta.

Ku rwego mpuzamahanga

U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu 10 bya mbere ku isi mu kigereranyo cy’uburinganire, rukaba urutonde rwa 6 ku Isi muri Global Gender Gap Report 2024.

Amayeri n’Inama z’Iterambere

Kugira ngo iterambere ry’umugore mu Rwanda rikomeze kugenda neza kandi rirambye, hashyizweho amayeri n’inama mu nzego zitandukanye:

• Gushyira mu bikorwa neza amategeko n’ingamba – kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amategeko arengera abagore no gukurikirana gahunda za politiki z’uburinganire.
• Kongera ubushobozi bw’abagore – kongera amahirwe y’uburezi, ikoranabuhanga, ubuhinzi n’ubucuruzi, amahugurwa n’inguzanyo z’abagore.
• Gukuraho imbogamizi z’imico – gahunda zo kurwanya imyumvire ishaje ishingiye ku gitsina n’imico ituma abagore badafata ibyemezo mu ngo no mu nzego za politiki.
• Guteza imbere uburinganire mu bukungu – gushyiraho amahirwe angana mu kubona inguzanyo, ubutaka, imishinga y’iterambere, n’amahirwe yo kwihangira imirimo.
• Kugira uruhare mu miyoborere n’ubutabera – kongera ubwitabire bw’abagore mu nzego za Leta n’iz’abikorera, kuzamura abagore mu buyobozi bw’imijyi n’uturere, no gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amategeko y’uburinganire.

Imibare yerekana iterambere ry’abagore mu Rwanda

Igice	2010	2015	2020	2024
Abagore mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko (%)	56%	61%	61.3%	63.3%
Abagore mu mashuri yisumbuye (%)	45%	48%	55%	59.3%
Abagore bafite ubutaka (%)	88%	91%	93%	94.8%
Abagore mu buyobozi bw’uturere (%)	42%	46%	48%	49%
Abacamanza n’abashinjacyaha (%)	40%	45%	48%	50%

Inama z’iterambere

• Komeza gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda z’uburezi bw’abakobwa n’icyerekezo cya STEM ku bagore.
• Kongera imikoranire hagati ya Leta, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, n’abafatanyabikorwa mpuzamahanga mu guteza imbere ubushobozi bw’abagore.
• Gukurikirana no guhangana n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, harimo gukoresha ubuhamya n’inkunga z’imiryango.
• Guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu by’ubukungu bw’abagore, cyane cyane mu cyaro.

Imibereho y’Abagore n’Inkuru Zifatika

Mu rwego rwo kugaragaza iterambere ry’umugore mu Rwanda, hari inkuru zifatika z’abagore bahinduye imibereho yabo n’iy’imiryango yabo. Izi nkuru zerekana uko amategeko, gahunda za Leta, n’imikoranire y’abagore mu bukungu n’uburezi bihuriza hamwe .

Inkuru z’Abagore Bafatika

• Aline Uwimana – Umuhinzi w’umugore wateje imbere umusaruro w’ibirayi n’imbuto mu karere ka Bugesera, abikesha gahunda ya "Women Guarantee Fund" yahawe inguzanyo yo gutangiza ubuhinzi bwa kijyambere.
• Claire Mukamana – Umuyobozi wa koperative y’abagore bo mu cyaro, bagurisha ibikomoka ku bihingwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga, ashyigikiwe na gahunda ya "Made in Rwanda" na MINAGRI.
• Sandrine Niyonsaba – Umwarimu wigisha STEM mu mashuri yisumbuye, yafashije abakobwa 150 kumenya ikoranabuhanga no gukunda imibare, abikesha gahunda ya "STEM for Girls".

Imibare y’Iterambere ry’Abagore mu Rwanda (Graphical Table)

Igice	2010	2015	2020	2024	Impinduka (%)
Abagore mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko	56%	61%	61.3%	63.3%	+7.3%
Abagore mu mashuri yisumbuye	45%	48%	55%	59.3%	+14.3%
Abagore bafite ubutaka	88%	91%	93%	94.8%	+6.8%
Abagore mu buyobozi bw’uturere	42%	46%	48%	49%	+7%
Abacamanza n’abashinjacyaha	40%	45%	48%	50%	+10%

Inama z’Iterambere zishingiye ku mibare

• Komeza guteza imbere gahunda z’uburezi n’ubumenyi ku bagore no gukurura abakobwa mu masomo ya STEM.
• Gukomeza kongera amahirwe y’ubukungu n’ubuhinzi ku bagore bo mu cyaro.
• Gukoresha imibare y’uburinganire mu nzego zose za politiki no mu miyoborere y’uturere kugira ngo hagaragare aho hakiri ubusumbane.
• Gushyira imbaraga mu gukurikirana no gukumira ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, hashingiwe ku bipimo n’imibare

Umusozo

Iterambere ry’umugore mu Rwanda ryagaragaje ko uburinganire ari urufunguzo rwo kugera ku iterambere rirambye. Abagore bafite uruhare mu miyoborere, ubukungu, uburezi, ubuzima, n’imibereho myiza y’imiryango.

Nk’uko imibare yerekana, u Rwanda ruri mu bihugu bya mbere ku isi mu gushyira mu bikorwa uburinganire, kandi politiki z’igihugu n’amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu byahindutse intangarugero muri Afurika. Gukomeza gushyira imbere uburezi, ubushobozi, uburinganire mu butabera n’ubukungu bizafasha umugore kugira uruhare rugaragara kandi rirambye mu iterambere ry’igihugu.