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Siporo muri Afurika

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Umunyemisiri El-Sayed Nosseir, watsindiye umudari wa zahabu mu cyiciro cy’abaremereye mu mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi yabereye i Amsterdam mu 1928. Ni we munyafurika wa mbere wegukanye umudari wa zahabu mu mateka y’imikino Olempike . [1] [2]

Siporo mur'Afurika irateguwe, imikinomyinshi ifite shampiyona z’umwuga. Umupira w’amaguru (uzwi kandi kwizina rya ruhago) niwomukino ukunzwe cyane mu bihugu hafi ya byose bya Afurika . Ibihugu bimwe bya Afurika, nka Kenya na Etiyopiya, byiganje cyane mukwiruka intera ndende, mu gihe ibihugu bya Afurika y’Amajyaruguru nka Alijeriya, Misiri, Maroc na Tuniziya byiganje mu mukino wa handball . [3] Rugby na golf bikunzwe cyane mu bihugu bike bya Afurika, nubwo rugby ikunzwe cyane mur'Afurika y’Epfo. [4] [5]

Siporo gakondo yasuzugurwaga cyane mugihe cy'ubukoloni, kandimyinshi irimogupfa cyangwa yarazimye kubera igitutu cyo kuvugurura, ariko nyinshi ziracyakunzwe nubwonta burenganzira cyangwa inkunga bya leta bifite. [6] [7] : 193–194 Mu 2010, Afurika y'Epfo yabaye igihugu cya mbere cya Afurika cyakiriye igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA . [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Amateka

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Afurika ifiteamateka maremare y’imikino gakondo . Ubukoloni bw’i Burayi kuvamumpera z’ikinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda bwazanye imikino yo mu Burengerazuba bw’isi ku mugabane, mu gihe bwagabanyaga imikorere y’imikino yomugace, Abanyaburayi babonaga nk’imikino ishaje kandi irwanya Abakristo. [14]

Siporo mur'Afurika mbere y’ikinyejana cyamakumyabiri hagati yakinwaga cyane cyane n’Abanyaburayi. Ibi byakoreshejwe mu gukomeza gutandukanya ibyiciro by’imibereho by’amoko yombi. Uburezi rusange bwa siporo bwashyizwe mu bikorwa mumijyi y’uturere tw'Afurika kugira ngo "bube heza" kandi bunoze umusaruro w’abaturage b’Abanyaburayi. Uko urubyaro rw’abahanga b’i Burayi n’abasangwabutaka bakurikiranaga uburezi, bamenyekanye mu mikino yari yaragenewe abimukira b’i Burayi. Aho ngaho, benshi muri bo babaye indashyikirwa maze baba "Inyenyeri za Siporo z’Abanyaburayi" kandi bubahwaga kubera ubwitange bwabo bwiza. Abo bakinnyi bashyizwe mu makipe y’igihugu y’Ubwongereza n’Ubufaransa kuko hari ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza ubuhanga bwabo mu mikino. Kuvicyogihe, uturere tw'Afurika twari twarakolonijwe twahagarariwe mu ruhando mpuzamahanga rwa siporo. Abakinnyi b’abahanga muturere twa Afurika tuvuga Icyongereza n’Igifaransa bitwaga "abasadukayo b’indashyikirwa." Akenshi babaga abana b’abasirikare <i id="mwZQ">bo muri Senegali bitwaga tirailleurs</i> cyangwa abasirikare.

Nyuma y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, nomugihe cyogusana imipaka y'Uburayi, Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa byagoranye kugumana koloni zabo, cyane cyane bitewe n'ubwikunde bw'igihugu. Nyuma y'uko Umuryango w'Ibihugu ushingwa, Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa byiyemeje gukurikiza amahame y'ubutegetsi bwiza, yavugaga ko abaturage bafituburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo ubuyobozi bwabo. Mbere y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose irangiye, Afurika yafashe iya mbere kugira ngo yigenge ku burere bwa gikolonize bwashyizweho n'Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa. Gushyira siporo mu mahanga byashingiye cyane ku bikorwa byo kwirukana ubukoloni, hamwe no kwinjizwa mu mikino Olempike. Afurika yakoresheje siporo nk'uburyo bwo kurwanya ivanguramoko no kurandura ivanguramoko rishingiye ku mwanya w'abaturage. Ubwo "abagome b'abanyacyubahiro" bagendaga bakundwa, abanyacyubahiro b'Abanyafurika bakoresheje aya mahirwe yo kurwanya ivanguramoko no guteza imbere siporo zomur'Afurika gusa, ahubwo no gushushanya ishusho ya Afurika nshya yigenga.

Igihe cya none

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Mu 1956, umupiraw'amaguru waranzwe n'iterambere muri Afurika ubwo hashingwaga ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru mur'Afurika . Ubumwe bw'Afurika bwagaragajwe binyuze mu mikino, ariko bwagenzurwaga n'amashyirahamwe y'imikino yo mu Burengerazuba nka FIFA . Nyamara, mu mikino Olempike ya Roma yomu 1960, abakinnyi b'abirabura b'Abanyafurika bagize icyo bageraho mu nzego zabo, ndetse banatsinda imyanya ikomeye mumpera z'irushanwa. Siporo yatumy'Afurika irushaho gushakubwigenge, kandi muriki gih'Afurika izwicyane mumikino myinshi, cyane cyane mu mupira w'amaguru. [13] [4]

Ibikorwaremezo

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Umupira w'amaguru wo mu muhanda i Lagos, muri Nijeriya

Kutagira icyo bivuzemur'Afurika mumikino mpuzamahanga biterwa no kutagira ibikorwa remezo. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [ [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

Siporo y'ikipe

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Ishyirahamwe ry'Umupira w'Amaguru

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Amashyirahamwe y'ibihugu byo mu karere ka Afurika

      Umupira w'amaguru w'ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru (uzwi kandi ku izina rya football) ni wo mukino ukunzwe cyane muriburigihugu cya Afurika. Amakipe y'amakipe yomur'Afurika yitabira igikombe cya CAF Champions League na CAF Confederation Cup . Amakipe y'ibihugu by'Afurika yitabira igikombe cya Afurika ndetse no mu irushanwa ry'ibihugu bya Afurika kumakipe yomugace.

Umupira wa baseball

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Baseball ntabwigaragara cyane mur'Afurika. Ariko, Ishyirahamwe ry’Isi rya Baseball Softball ryatangije Baseball5, ubwoko bwa baseball bwomumuhanda, hamwe n’ibihugu icyenda byashinze, [ a ] mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha uyumukino kumugabane. [25] [26]

Umupira w'amaguru

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Basketball ya 3x3 mu mikino ya Afurika ya 2023 muri Ghana

Umukino wa Basketball nawukunzwe kumugabane wose, ahowagaragaye cyanemuri Nijeriya, Tuniziya, Misiri, Senegali, Ivory Coast, Kameruni na Angola, ndetse no muri Cape Verde na Sudani y'Epfo. [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]

Umunya-Nigeria Hakeem Olajuwon (watwayigikombe cya NBA inshurebyiri mwikipe ya Houston Rockets ) n'umwe mubakinnyi b'abanyamahanga beza mumateka ya NBA kandafatwa nk'ingenzi mu guteza imbere nogukurura umupira wa Basketball muri Afurika.

Cricket

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Cricket ya T20 mu mikino ya Afurika ya 2023

Cricket n'umukino ukunzwe cyanemu Bwongereza kandiwoherejwe mubindibice by'ubwami bwahoze ari Ubwongereza . [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] Cricket ifitinkomoko mumajyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Ubwongereza. Ikunzwe cyane mu Bwongereza na Pays de Galles, no mu bice by'Ubuholandi, no mu bindi bice by'isi, cyane cyane mumajyepfo y'Afurika, Ositaraliya, Nouvelle-Zélande no ku mugabane w'Ubuhinde . Ikinwa kugira ngo igerageze urwego rwa Cricket muri Afurika y'Epfo na Zimbabwe, kandi umusaruro ugaragara muri Kenya na Namibiya.

Hoki yo mu kibuga

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Umukino wa Hockey wo mu kibuga ukunzwe muturere twahoze arutw’Ubwongereza mur'Afurika, ukaba waragaragaye cyane muri Misiri, Nijeriya, Gana, Kenya, Namibiya, Botswana, Zimbabwe cyane cyane muri Afurika y’Epfo.

Hockey yo mu rubura

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Hockey yomurubura n'umukino w’abantu bake mur'Afurika, ahwibihugu bike by'Afurika byitabira. [40] [41] [42] [43]

Ishyirahamwe ry'abakina rugby

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Uganda vs Madagasikari

Ishyirahamwe ry’abakina rugby rikunzwe cyane mur'Afurika y'Epfo (inshuro 4 z'abatwaye igikombe cy'isi mu 1995, 2007, 2019 na 2023 ) kandi ibindi bihugu bifite umusaruro ugaragara nka Maroc, Namibiya, Zimbabwe na Ivory Coast . [44] [45] [46] Irushanwa rikomeye ku mugabane ni Igikombe cya Afurika kirimo amakipe yokurwego rwambere rwa rugby mur'Afurika, naho Igikombe cy’iterambere rya Afurika kirimo amakipe yokurwego rwa kabiri. Ikipe ya rugby yo muri Afurika y'Epfo ni yo yonyine yitabira irushanwa mpuzamahanga, The Rugby Championship . Inyandiko ya Albert Grundlingh ivuga kungaruka siporo yagizekubwenegihugu, cyanecyane uburyo rugby yahinduye imiterere y’aba-Afrikaner kurugero runaka. Kaminuza ya Stellenbosch yasobanuwe nk'"ikipe ikomeye" ya rugby yo muri Afurika y'Epfo yari irwanya kaminuza zivuga Icyongereza zigaragaza "umuzi wa Afrikandom". [47]

Indi mikino

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Umupira w'intoki na volleyball birakunzwe cyane cyane mur'Afurika y'Amajyaruguru. Indimikino yo mumakipe nka polo yomumazi, hockey yo mubwoko bwa roller na netball nayikunzwe mubihugu bimwe na bimwe byo mu Burasirazuba n'Amajyepfo byo muri Afurika.

Siporo ku giti cy'umuntu ku giti cye

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Siporo kugiti cy’umuntu kugiti cye nayoningenzi cyane. Afurika ifitirushanwa rikomeye ry’imikino myinshi ryitwa All-Africa Games ryatangiye mu 1965 ryabereye i Brazzaville, Repubulika ya Kongo .

Siporo

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Shampiyona y'imikino ngororamubiri ya Afurika ya 2018 i Asaba, muri Nijeriya

Siporo ni rimwe mumarushanwa akomeye mur'Afurika. Irirushanwa ryabaye igice cy’imikino ya Afurika kuvamu 1965. Shampiyona ya Siporo mur'Afurika yabanje kuba kabiri mumwaka kuva mu 1979. Shampiyona ya Afurika yo gusiganwa ku maguru yabanje kuba mu 1985 nyuma yaho kuva mu 2011. Shampiyona ya Afurika yo kwiruka mu misozi yabanje kuba kuva mu 2009.

Byongeye kandi, amarushanwa menshi ya IAAF World Cross Country Championships yabereye muri Afurika. Irushanwampuzamahanga rya Meeting International Mohammed VI d'Athlétisme de Rabat ryabereyemuri Maroc kuvamu 2008 nk'igice cya IAAF World Challenge na IAAF Diamond League . Mbereyaho, Meeting Grand Prix IAAF de Dakar yarigice cya IAAF Grand Prix na IAAF World Challenge. Marathon ya Cape Town yabayirushanwa rya IAAF Silver Label mu 2014 n'irushanwa rya IAAF Gold Label mu 2017.

Kenya na Etiyopiya byagaragaye cyane mumikino ngororamubiri mumikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi kuva mumyaka ya 1960, cyane cyane mu kwiruka intera yo hagati n'iy'intambwe ndende.

Kugendera ku igare

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Amarushanwa yo gusiganwa ku magare i Douala, muri Kameruni

Irushanwa ry’amagare ryomumuhanda rya UCI Africa Tour ryatangiye kuba kuva mu 2005.

Ikipe ya Dimension Data, yahoze ari MTN–Qhubeka, niyokipe yambere y’Abanyafurika yinjiye muri Grand Tours mu 2015. Abagize ikipe bazwi barimo Jacques Janse van Rensburg na Youcef Reguigui .

Kenya n'u Rwanda biri kwiyongera mu gusiganwa ku magare ku isi. [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]

Golf

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Golf numukino ukunzekugaragara mur'Afurika. [55] The Sunshine Tour ifite icyicaro mur'Afurika y'Epfo ariko inasura ibindi bihugu by'abaturanyi. Amarushanwa menshi yemejwe n'irushanwa ry'i Burayi, nka South African Open, South African PGA Championship, Alfred Dunhill Championship, Nedbank Golf Challenge, Africa Open, Joburg Open, Tshwane Open ,

Abakinnyi ba golf bazwi cyane mur'Afurika barimo Bobby Locke, wegukanyigikombe cya British Open inshurenye mu 1949, 1950, 1952 na 1957; Gary Player, wegukanye igikombe cya British Open mu 1959, 1968 na 1974, The Masters mu 1961, 1974 na 1978, PGA Championship mu 1962 na 1972 na US Open mu 1965; Ernie Els, wegukanye igikombe cya US Open mu 1994, 1997 na British Open mu 2002 ; Nick Price, wegukanye igikombe cya PGA Championship mu 1992 na 1994 na British Open mu 1994; Retief Goosen ; Trevor Immelman ; Louis Oosthuizen na Charl Schwartzel .

Siporo y'imodoka

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Irushanwa rya Safari muri Kenya

Siporo y'imodoka ikunzwecyane mur'Afurika y'Epfo. Ikigihugu cyakiriye amasiganwa mpuzamahanga menshi, nka Grand Prix yo muri Afurika y'Epfo ( Formula One ), Grand Prix yo muri Afurika y'Epfo ( Grand Prix) yo gusiganwa ku magare ya moto, n'ibindi. Grand Prix yo muri Maroc ni yo Grand Prix ya mbere mur'Afurika yakiriye Formula 1 mu 1958 .

Safari Rally yarimwemu marushanwa y’isi ya Rally kuvamu 1973 kugezamu 2002, mbereyo kugaruka mu 2021. Mbere Rallye Côte d'Ivoire nayo yaberaga nk'irushanwa rya WRC kuva mu irushanwa ry’isi rya Rally ku bashoferi n'abakora kuva mu 1977 kugeza mu 1992. Isiganwa rya Dakar Rally ryabereye mur'Afurika y'Amajyaruguru kuva mu 1979 kugeza mu 2007, harimo inzira ya Ruguru-Amajyepfo mu 1992 n'inzira ya Iburengerazuba-Iburasirazuba mu 2000 .

Jody Scheckter niwemushoferi wenyine w’imodoka ukomoka mur'Afurika wegukanye Formula 1 mu 1979, mu gihe Tony Maggs na John Love batsinze ibitegobyinshi. Giniel de Villiers yegukanye Dakar Rally mu 2009. Muri Motos, Afurika y'Epfo yari ifite/ifite abakinnyi bazwi nka Kork Ballington, Jon Ekerold, ubu akaba na Brad Binder, mu gihe abashoferi bo muri Rhodes barimo Ray Amm na Jim Redman .

Tenisi

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Tenisi numukino w’abantu bake mur'Afurika. [56] [57] [58] [59] [60]

Abakinnyi bazwibarimo Kevin Anderson, Irene Bowder Peacock, Jaroslav Drobný, Cliff Drysdale, Kevin Curren, Wayne Ferreira, Johan Kriek, Brian Norton, Sandra Reynolds, Eric Sturgess, Ian Vermaak, Amanda Coetzer na Kevin Anderson .

Irushanwa rya South African Open ryari mwirushanwa rya Grand Prix kuvamu 1972 kugeza mu 1989 ndetse n'irushanwa rya ATP Tour kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 2011.

Siporo yo mu mazi

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Kon-Tiki (Umuskuti) i Cape Town, Afurika y'Epfo

Siporo zomumazi zikunzwe cyane mubihugu byokunkombe z'inyanja, kunkengero z'ibiyaga bigari n'imigezi. Gutembera mubwato, [61] gukaraba, gukaraba mumazi ni ubwoko burikwiyongera muri Kenya, Afurika y'Epfo, Zambiya, u Rwanda na Uganda. Ishobora kwishimirwa haba nk'umukino ndetse n'uburyo bw'ubukerarugendo bukora, bwagenewe amatsinda y'abitabiriye imikino itandukanye n'urwego rw'imyitozo.

Siporo yo kurwana

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Hariho kandamarushanwa akomeye y’imikino yo kurwana n’imikino yo kurwana kumugabane.

Iteramakofe

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Iteramakofe ry'abagore

Louis Phal niwewabaye umukinnyi wambere w’umunyafurika watwaye igikombe cy’isi cy’iteramakofe. Hari indi myaka 40 yagombaga gutsindira undimukinnyi watwaye igikombe cy’isi cy’iteramakofe mu ishusho ya Richard Ihetu . Hagati aho, nta buryo bwo kuyobora imikino y’iteramakofe bwabigize umwuga bwari buhari muri Afurika kugeza mu 1973, ubwo abahagarariye ibihugu icyenda bya Afurika bashingaga Ishyirahamwe ry’iteramakofe mur'Afurika . Kuya 30 Ukwakira 1974, Muhammad Ali na George Foreman barwaniye igikombe cy’abaremereye muri Zaire cyaje kwitwa Rumble in the Jungle .

Afurika imazegutsindira igikombe cy’isi cya shampiyona nyinshi, Azumah Nelson akaba ariwe uzwi cyane. [62] [63] [64] [65] [ [66] [ [67] [68] [69]

Judo

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Afurika ntabwirabona umuntu utsinda muri Judo kwisi. [70] Shampiyona ya Judo mur'Afurika niyo marushanwa akomeye ya Judo muri Afurika.

Karate

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Karate yatangijwe bwambere mur'Afurika mumyaka ya 1960. [71] [72] Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyafurika ry’Ishyirahamwe rya Karate niryo rishinzwe karate muri Afurika.

Ubumenyi bw'imirwano buvanze

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Abahanzi bakomeye bomur'Afurika barimo Israel Adesanya, umukinnyi wa UFC muburebure bwo hagati, Kamaru Usman, umukinnyi wa UFC muburebure bwohagati, na Francis Ngannou, umukinnyi wa UFC mu burebure bwo hejuru.

Irushanwa rya Extreme Fighting Championship (ryahoze ryitwa EFC Africa) nikigo cy'Afurika y'Epfo cyashinzwe mu 2009. [73] [74] Niryo shyirahamwe ryambere ry’imikino yo kurwana ivanze ku mugabane w'Afurika. [75]

EFC Africa 19, yabereye muri Carnival City i Johannesburg kuya 19 Mata 2013, yayoboyizindi mikino mur'Afurika aho yarebwe abantubarenga miliyoni 1.8, aho 31.3% by'abareba televiziyo muri Afurika y'Epfo ( SABC, e.tv na DStv byose hamwe) byashyizwe hamwe. Aya niyo manota menshi mu mateka ya EFC, arenga agahigo ka EFC Africa 12 kokurebwa abantu miliyoni 1.6 na 25.9% by'abareba. [76] EFC 85 yasubitswe kubera icyorezo cya COVID-19 .

Taekwondo

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Taekwondo irimo gukuruko abantubenshi bitabira imikino Olempike. [77] [78] [79] Afurika irimo kuzamuka nk'ikipe ikomeye muri Taekwondo. [80] [81] Taekwondo iyoborwa n'Ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyafurika rya Taekwondo .

Ibirori

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Imijyi yabanje kwakira imikino ya Afurika

Afurika y'Epfo yakiriye igikombe cy'isi cya Rugby cyo mu 1995, igikombe cy'isi cya Cricket cyo mu 2003 n'igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 2010. [82] [83] Afurika yakiriyimikino ya Pan Arab esheshatu n'imikino ya Mediterane esheshatu. Durban, Afurika y'Epfo yatangajwe nk'iyakiriye imikino ya Commonwealth yo mu 2022 mu 2015, arikoyangiwe kwakirimikino muri 2017. [84]

Amarushanwa akomeye kumugabane w'Afurika nimikino y'Afurika, Igikombe cy'Ibihugu bya Afurika, CAF Champions League, Shampiyona ya Afurika mu mikino ngororamubiri, Shampiyona ya Afurika mu marushanwa ya Rally na Sunshine Tour .

Ibirori bya Afurika yose

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Ibirori byo mu karere

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  • Imikino yo mu nyanja ya Mediterane
  • Imikino yo ku mucanga wa Mediterane
  • Imikino y'Abarabu na Shampiyona
  • Shampiyona ya Afurika y'Amajyaruguru - Shampiyona ya Maghreb
  • Shampiyona y'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  • Shampiyona ya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba
  • Shampiyona ya Afurika yo Hagati
  • Shampiyona y'Afurika y'Amajyepfo
  • Imikino yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  • Imikino yo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba
  • Imikino yo muri Afurika yo Hagati
  • Imikino yo muri Afurika y'Epfo
  • Imikino yo ku kirwa cy'inyanja y'Ubuhinde

Afurika y'Iburasirazuba

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Icyiciro cya mbere cy'imikino y'Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EACoG) (2018). [85]

  1. Imikino y'Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EACoG)
  2. Imikino y'Amashuri yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (Imikino ya FEASSSA)
  3. Igikombe cya CECAFA
  4. Imikino n'umuco bya gisirikare bya EAC
  5. Imikino hagati y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya EAC
  6. Imikino y'Amashuri Yisumbye yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  7. Imikino ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba hagati ya Kaminuza n'izindi
  8. Imikino y'abagore muri Kaminuza zo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  9. Shampiyona ya Netball yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  10. Igikombe cya Rugby cya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EARC)
  11. Igikombe cya Rugby Super Cup cyo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  12. Igikombe cya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  13. Shampiyona y'umukino wa Handball muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  14. Igikombe cya Cricket cyo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  15. Shampiyona ya Volleyball yo ku mucanga muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  16. Siporo yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
  17. Siporo y'Abafite Ubumuga muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba

Afurika y'Amajyepfo

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  1. Imikino yo muri Afurika y'Amajyepfo (Imikino ya CUCSA) [86] [87]

Olempike y'imbeho

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Abantu benshi bo mu bihugu by'Afurika bahagarariye ibihugu by'Afurika mu mikino Olempike y'itumba . [88]

Reba kandi

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  • Imikino ya gisirikare ya Afurika
  • Ishyirahamwe ry'imikino y'abafite ubumuga muri Afurika
  • Imikino y'Urubyiruko rwa Afurika
  • Ishyirahamwe ry'Amashyirahamwe y'Imikino ya Afurika
  • Ishyirahamwe rya Komite Olempike z'Igihugu za Afurika
  • Ishyirahamwe ry'Amashyirahamwe ya Siporo ya Kaminuza n'Amashuri Makuru
  • Urutonde rw'abatsindiye imidari muri Afurika mu mikino Olempike
  • Siporo muri Aziya
  • Siporo mu Burayi
  • Siporo muri Oseyaniya
  • Siporo muri Amerika y'Epfo
  • Siporo muri Amerika ya Ruguru

Isesengura ry'ibitabo

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  • Bogopa, D. (2001). ”Iterambere rya Siporo: Inzitizi n'ibisubizo muri Afurika y'Epfo”. Mu gitabo cy'impuguke mu by'imibereho y'abantu muri Afurika, vol. 8, No. 1.
  • Chiweshe, MK (2014). “Ikibazo cy’umupira w’amaguru muri Afurika: Ruswa, n’iterambere (ridahagije) ry’umukino ku mugabane”. Mu gitabo cy’amategeko n’ubucuruzi bya siporo muri Afurika/2014.
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Amareferensi

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