Politiki y'u Rwanda

U Rwanda ni igihugu cy'ishyaka rimwe cyayobowe^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] na Front Patriotique y'u Rwanda n'umuyobozi wayo Paul Kagame kuva jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 irangiye. N'ubwo u Rwanda ruvugwaho kuba rufite demokarasi, amatora ahindurwa mu buryo butandukanye, harimo guhagarika amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, gufunga cyangwa kwica abanenga amatora, n'uburiganya mu matora.^[8]

Amategeko y'u Rwanda yakuwe ku mategeko y'ubucamanza bw'u Bubiligi n'u Budage n'amategeko gakondo abera mu rwego rwa repubulika ya perezida, aho Perezida w'u Rwanda ari umukuru w'igihugu ufite ububasha bukomeye bwo gukora, Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda akaba ari umuyobozi w'ubutegetsi.

Ububasha bwo gushyiraho amategeko bufitwe na guverinoma n'ibyumba bibiri by'inteko ishinga amategeko, Sena n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. Ku ya 5 Gicurasi 1995, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'Igihugu y'Igihe cyahise yemeje Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryarimo ingingo z'Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku ya 18 Kamena 1991, kimwe n'ibikubiye mu masezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha yo mu 1993 na porogaramu y'ubwumvikane y'amashyaka menshi yo mu Ugushyingo 1994.^[9]

Inteko ishinga amategeko y'igihugu

Mu Rwanda Inteko Ishinga Amategeko igizwe n'abadepite mirongo inani. Muri bo, Abadepite mirongo itanu na batatu batoranywa mu matora rusange mu ibanga, batoranyijwe ku rutonde rwihariye rw'amazina y'abakandida batorwa n'amashyirahamwe ya politiki cyangwa abakandida bigenga; abagore makumyabiri na bane batoranyijwe na za kaminuza zihariye z'amatora mu buryo buhuje n'inzego z'ubuyobozi bw'igihugu; Abadepite babiri batowe n'Inama y'Igihugu y'Urubyiruko; Depite umwe watowe n'Inama y'Igihugu y'Abantu bafite Ubumuga.

Sena igizwe n'abantu makumyabiri na batandatu. Muri abo, harimo abasenateri cumi na babiri batowe n'inama zihariye hakurikijwe inzego z'ubuyobozi; Abasenateri umunani bashyizweho na Perezida wa Repubulika; Abasenateri bane batowe n'Inama y'Igihugu y'amashyirahamwe ya politiki; Umusenateri umwe watowe mu bigisha n'abashakashatsi ba Kaminuza za Leta n'ibigo by'amashuri makuru; n'Umusenateri umwe watowe mu bigisha n'abashakashatsi ba Kaminuza z'abikorera n'ibigo by'amashuri makuru.^[10]

Amateka

Inyandikorugero:Unreferenced section

Nyuma y'intsinzi ya gisirikare muri Nyakanga 1994, Front Patriotique y'u Rwanda yateguye guverinoma y'ishyaka isa n'iyo yashyizweho na Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana mu 1992. Yiswe Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu Ifite Urufatiro Rwagutse, amategeko yayo y'ibanze ashingiye ku ihuje ry'itegeko nshinga, amasezerano ya Arusha, n'amasezerano ya politiki y'amashyaka. Ishyaka rya MRND ryashyizwe mu kato.

Gutegura politiki byari bibujijwe kugeza mu 2003. Amatora ya mbere ya nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, amatora y'umukuru w'igihugu n'amatora y'abadepite yabaye muri Kanama na Nzeri 2003, buri wese ku giti cye.

Ibibazo bikomeye leta yari ihanganye nabyo ni ugusubiza mu buzima busanzwe impunzi zirenga miliyoni 2 zagarutse kuva kera nka 1959; iherezo ry'ubugarariji no kurwanya ubugarariji mu bahoze ari abasirikare n'interahamwe n'igisirikare cy'u Rwanda cy'igihugu, cyibumbiye mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba; no kuva mu bibazo byo gutegura iterambere ry'igihe gito n'igihe kirekire. Imfungwa zizakomeza kuba ikibazo cyihutirwa mu gihe kiri imbere, kuko zariyongereye zirenga 100.000 mu myaka 3 yakurikiye intambara.

Guverinoma ibuza ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina, ubwoko, ubwoko cyangwa idini. Guverinoma yashyizeho amategeko abuza gushimangira umwirondoro w'Abahutu cyangwa Abatutsi mu bikorwa byinshi bya politiki.

Politiki-ubukungu bwibanze

Kuva mu mwaka wa 2005 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2010, umubare w'abari mu bukene bw'intica ntikize ku rwego rw'igihugu wagabanutseho hejuru ya 10 ku ijana, kandi icyizere cyo kubaho cy'imyaka igera kuri 64 kiruta icy'ibihugu nk'ibyo byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara ndetse n'ibindi bihugu bikennye.

Mu mwaka wa 2011, umusaruro w'ibyuka byangiza ikirere w'u Rwanda wari toni 0.1 ku muntu, ukaba wari hasi cyane ugereranyije n'ibindi bihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara ndetse n'ibindi bihugu bifite umusaruro muke. U Rwanda rufite umubare munini w'abanyeshuri biga kurusha ibindi bihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, ndetse no mu bindi bihugu bikennye.

Kuva mu mwaka wa 2014, u Rwanda rwari rukigaragara nk'igihugu cyinjiza amafaranga make, gifite umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu ungana na miliyari 7.890 z'amadolari, ugereranyije n'amadolari y'Amerika, n'abaturage bangana na miliyoni 11.34.

Kuva mu mwaka wa 2015 u Rwanda rwahinduye icyerekezo mu iterambere ry'ubukungu, rushyira imbere ifaranga ry'amahanga mu buhinzi bw'ikawa n'icyayi, "bifasha kugabanya ubukene n'ubusumbane". Banki y'Isi yashimye imihati y'u Rwanda. Kagame yagiranye ibiganiro n'ibigo bikomeye nka Costco na Starbucks, byahoze ari byo bigura kawa nyinshi mu Rwanda kuva mu 2015.^[11]

Abaminisitiri bakomeye

[1]

Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryitabiriye

U Rwanda ni umunyamuryango wa ACCT, ACP, AfDB, WTrO.

Ibikubiyemo

↑ Holmes, Georgina (2014). "Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment". Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 8 (4): 321–333. doi:10.1080/17502977.2014.964449. S2CID 144474675.
↑ Thomson, Susan (2018). Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace (in Icyongereza). Yale University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-300-23591-3.
↑ Ph.D, Joseph Sebarenzi; Twagiramungu, Noel (8 April 2019). "Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime". The Conversation (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 5 September 2023.
↑ Waldorf, Lars (2005). "Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice". Handbook of Restorative Justice. Routledge. p. ?. ISBN 978-0-203-34682-2.
↑ Beswick, Danielle (2011). "Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011". Third World Quarterly. 32 (10): 1911–1930. doi:10.1080/01436597.2011.610593. S2CID 153404360.
↑ Bowman, Warigia (2015). Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State (in Icyongereza). University of Chicago Press. p. 87. doi:10.7208/9780226276663-004 (inactive 12 September 2024). ISBN 978-0-226-27666-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Nzeri 2024 (link)
↑ Reyntjens, Filip (2011). "Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 12 (2): 64–69. ISSN 1526-0054. JSTOR 43133887.
↑ Waldorf, Lars (2017). "The Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame". In Themnér, Anders (ed.). Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics (PDF) (in Icyongereza). Bloomsbury Academic / Nordic Africa Institute. ISBN 978-1-78360-248-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
↑ "Politics in Rwanda | About Rwanda". www.aboutrwanda.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 "EIUCountry Login". country.eiu.com. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
↑ "Rwanda Rising: A New Model of Economic Development". Fast Company (in American English). Retrieved 12 November 2015.

Ihuza ry'urubuga rwo hanze

Official website of the Republic of Rwanda
Official website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda
Official website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda - Directory of Ministries and web addresses Inyandikorugero:Webarchive
Purdeková, Andrea; Reyntjens, Filip; Wilén, Nina (2018). "Militarisation of governance after conflict: beyond the rebel-to-ruler frame – the case of Rwanda". Third World Quarterly. 39 (1): 158–174. doi:10.1080/01436597.2017.1369036. hdl:10067/1479870151162165141. S2CID 158329591.
McDoom, Omar Shahabudin (2022). "Securocratic state-building: the rationales, rebuttals, and risks behind the extraordinary rise of Rwanda after the genocide". African Affairs. 121 (485): 535–567. doi:10.1093/afraf/adac031.

Inyandikorugero:Rwanda topics Inyandikorugero:Africa in topic Inyandikorugero:Authority control

[1] Holmes, Georgina (2014). "Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment". Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 8 (4): 321–333. doi:10.1080/17502977.2014.964449. S2CID 144474675.

[2] Thomson, Susan (2018). Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace (in Icyongereza). Yale University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-300-23591-3.

[3] Ph.D, Joseph Sebarenzi; Twagiramungu, Noel (8 April 2019). "Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime". The Conversation (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 5 September 2023.

[4] Waldorf, Lars (2005). "Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice". Handbook of Restorative Justice. Routledge. p. ?. ISBN 978-0-203-34682-2.

[5] Beswick, Danielle (2011). "Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011". Third World Quarterly. 32 (10): 1911–1930. doi:10.1080/01436597.2011.610593. S2CID 153404360.

[6] Bowman, Warigia (2015). Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State (in Icyongereza). University of Chicago Press. p. 87. doi:10.7208/9780226276663-004 (inactive 12 September 2024). ISBN 978-0-226-27666-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Nzeri 2024 (link)

[7] Reyntjens, Filip (2011). "Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 12 (2): 64–69. ISSN 1526-0054. JSTOR 43133887.

[8] Waldorf, Lars (2017). "The Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame". In Themnér, Anders (ed.). Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics (PDF) (in Icyongereza). Bloomsbury Academic / Nordic Africa Institute. ISBN 978-1-78360-248-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2024.

[:5-9] "Politics in Rwanda | About Rwanda". www.aboutrwanda.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.

[:4-10] 10.0 ^10.1 "EIUCountry Login". country.eiu.com. Retrieved 12 November 2015.

[11] "Rwanda Rising: A New Model of Economic Development". Fast Company (in American English). Retrieved 12 November 2015.

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