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Ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina

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Ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina (nanone ryitwa ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina [1] [ a ] cyangwa ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ) ni ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina mu bukungu n’imibereho rishingiye ku gitsina ku bantu kubera igitsina cyangwa igitsina. Nuburyo bukoreshwa mugukoresha imyitozo yumubiri cyangwa amategeko kugirango yimure abantu kumyanya iyobowe. [2] Intiti y’abagore, Phyllis Chesler, umwarimu w’imyororokere n’ubushakashatsi bw’umugore, asobanura ko iki kibazo ari "imikorere yamagana abakobwa n’abagore kubaho mu buryo butandukanye kandi butegekwa kandi bigatuma abahungu n’abagabo babarinda burundu ubudakemwa bw’abavandimwe babo". [3] Ingero zishingiye ku ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ntiziganisha gusa ku mibereho n’ubukungu by’ubukungu ku bantu, ariko birashobora no kuviramo ingaruka mbi ku mubiri. [4]

Etymology

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Ijambo "ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina" rikomoka kuri Afurika y'Epfo ivangura rishingiye ku moko ryashyizeho gahunda yo kuba hejuru y'abazungu ( Afrikaans ) no gutandukanya abaturage benshi biganjemo abirabura n'abazungu. [5] Abanyafurika bavuga "gutandukana" cyangwa "gutandukana", gukoresha ijambo "ivanguramoko" mu kwerekana uburinganire byerekana ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu rikubiyemo gutandukana no gukandamizwa. [6] Mu gusobanura ivanguramoko, Dr. Anthony Löwstedt yaranditse ati:

Igitekerezo cyo gutandukana ubwacyo ntigisobanura byanze bikunze ko itsinda iryo ariryo ryose cyangwa rizashyigikirwa kurenza ayandi yose ... Ikiranga umwihariko wa apartheid ndetse nubundi bwoko bw’amacakubiri akandamiza ni uko politiki, ubukungu, imibereho, ndetse n’imiterere y’akarere byashyizweho ku bushake kandi kuri gahunda hagamijwe gutandukanya amatsinda ku gahato, buri gihe ku nyungu, byibuze, rimwe na rimwe, cyangwa inyungu, mu gihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito. [7]

Ivanguramoko rishingiye ku gitsina ni ibintu rusange kandi ntibigarukira mu gihugu runaka. Mu gihe raporo z’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina zagaragaye cyane mu rwego rw’umuco wa kisilamu, ziriganje ku isi. Bamwe mu baharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu bavuze ko ibihano bifatirwa ibihugu bikoresha ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, kimwe n'ibihano byafatiwe Afurika y'Epfo muri apartheid. [8] [9]

Mu idini

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Ingero zishingiye ku ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina zagaragaye mu nzego binyuze mu bikorwa by’amadini n’umuco. Kurugero, ingingo zijyanye no gufata abagore mubisobanuro byibanze byubuyisilamu, ubukirisitu, idini rya kiyahudi, n’ababuda byasobanuwe ko ari ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. Gukoresha kwizera, akenshi binyuze mu gusobanura byimazeyo amategeko y’idini, kugira ngo ushimangire ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ntivugwaho rumwe.

Gatolika

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Ijambo ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina n’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ryakoreshejwe kandi mu gusobanura uburyo butandukanye bwo gufata abagore mu bigo nka Kiliziya y’Ubwongereza [10] na Kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma . Minisitiri wa Peresibiteriyeni akaba n'umwanditsi Patricia Budd Kepler yerekana urugamba rw’abagore mu rwego rwo kwemerera abapadiri ndetse n’ubuyobozi bw’amadini nk’urugero rw’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. By'umwihariko, Kepler aranenga imyumvire gakondo y’ubugabo n’umugore igabanya ubutware bw’umugore mu itorero, ashimangira ko ahubwo kwinjira mu bagore bidahungabanya gahunda z’Imana. [11] Mu buryo nk'ubwo, umwanditsi Susan D. Rose asobanura imiterere y'imiryango y'abakurambere b'amatorero ya gikirisitu y'ivugabutumwa muri Amerika nko gukomeza ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. [12]

Kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma yagaragaye ko ikomeje ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina bitewe na Vatikani yashyize ku rutonde rwa "kugerageza kwera umugore" nka graviora ya delicta - mu yandi magambo, icyaha cyo guhagararirwa kimwe no gusambanya abana bato, no "gushaka, gutunga cyangwa gukwirakwiza porunogarafiya [y’umwana] n’umunyamadini". [ [13] [14] [15] [14]

Islamu

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[[File:Frauengebetsraum_Khadija-Moschee.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frauengebetsraum_Khadija-Moschee.jpg%7Cthumb%7CFemale-only prayer room in a mosque[[:en:File:Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg|]]A member of the Taliban's religious police beating a woman in Kabul on 26 August 2001 (footage filmed by RAWA). Under Taliban rule, Afghan women were forced to cover their entire bodies.[16]]] Idini rya kisilamu ryanenzwe kubera ivangura ry’imiterere bwite n’amategeko ahana nk’abagore. [17] Indangagaciro z'abakurambere ba Islamu zikomeje kuba imwe mu mahame yarwanijwe cyane, ukurikije amashuri atandukanye . Mubisanzwe ariko, uburenganzira bwumugabo numugore buratandukanye cyane ukurikije amategeko yimiterere ya kisilamu. [18] Urugero, abagabo b’abayisilamu bemerewe kwishora mu gushaka abagore benshi no kurongora abadamu b’abayisilamu mu gihe abagore b’abayisilamu babujijwe kugira abagabo benshi no kurongora abagabo batari Abayisilamu, [19] [20] [21] [22] kandi umurage w’abagore ni kimwe cya kabiri cy’abo bavukana. [ kandi ] ukwemezwa n’ubucamanza mpanabyaha bwa kisilamu kurushaho kuvangura abagore, kuko bishingiye cyane ku buhamya bw’abatangabuhamya. Ubuhamya bw'umugore bwonyine bufatwa nk'ibidahagije kugira ngo ushinje umwicanyi, bisaba ubuhamya bw'umugabo kugira ngo bwemeze. [17]

Kwubahiriza kwiyoroshya mu mibonano mpuzabitsina no kwambara neza ku bagabo n’abagore b’abayisilamu bigenwa n’ubuvanganzo bwa ḥadīth na suna (ibikorwa n’amagambo bitirirwa umuhanuzi wa kisilamu Muhammad na bagenzi be); [23] imyitozo yo gutwikira ku gahato igaragara mu turere tumwe na tumwe nk'uburyo bwa apartheid. [24] Imyitozo yo gutwikira ku gahato, nk'uko Shahrzad Mojab abivuga, ntabwo biterwa n’amategeko ayo ari yo yose ya kisilamu; ahubwo, Shahrzad avuga "imyitozo yazamutse mu bihe bitandukanye". [24] Imyambarire yashyizweho muri Afuganisitani ku butegetsi bw’abatalibani n’ishuri risaba abakobwa kwambara igitambaro cyatanzwe nkurugero rwo kwitwikira ku gahato. [25] [26] [27] [27] [28] [28] Mu mateka y’imyaka itanu ya Emirate ya kisilamu ya Afuganisitani, ubutegetsi bw’abatalibani bwasobanuye amategeko ya Shariya hakurikijwe ishuri rya Hanafi ry’ubucamanza bwa kisilamu n’amategeko y’idini ya Mullah Omar . [29] Abagore babujijwe gukora, [29] abakobwa babujijwe kujya mu mashuri cyangwa muri kaminuza, [29] basabwe kubahiriza purdah no kujyana hanze y’ingo zabo na bene wabo b'abagabo; abarenga kuri aya mabwiriza barahanwe. [29] Abagabo babujijwe kogosha ubwanwa kandi basabwa kubareka bagakura kandi bakagumana igihe kirekire nk'uko Abatalibani babishaka, no kwambara ibitambaro hanze y’ingo zabo. [29] [30]

Uharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore, Mahnaz Afkhami yanditse ko imyumvire y'isi ya kisilamu "itandukanya imiterere y'abagore n'imibanire ye na sosiyete nk'ikizamini gikomeye cyerekana ko gahunda ya kisilamu ari ukuri." Ibi bigereranywa ninzego za purdah (gutandukanya umubiri kubitsina) na awrah (guhisha umubiri imyenda). Kimwe no mu bihugu byinshi ku isi, ibigo bikandamiza abagore byagendaga bidakomera kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. [31]​​​​​Yavuze ko andi madini na yo "yiboneye intambara nk'izo." [32]

Idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi, rizwi kandi ku idini rya Kiyahudi ryitwa ultra-orotodogisi, ryanenzwe gushyiraho politiki n'imyizerere ishingiye ku gitsina. [33] [34] Igizwe n’abantu bake ariko bakomeje kwiyongera mu muco w’Abayahudi, idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi ryamamaye nk’umuryango w’intiti, aho umubare munini w’abagabo bakomeza amashuri yabo muri yeshiva kurusha abagore bo mu iseminari. [35] Abakurikira idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi na bo baratandukanye kubera imyambarire yabo ndetse n’imiterere rusange: ubwanwa bwogosha, amakoti maremare yijimye, n'ingofero nini cyane ku bagabo; n'abagore bitwikiriye mu buryo bworoheje. [36] Ibirego bishingiye ku ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina byerekana umuco wo gukandamiza umuco no gutandukanya igitsina, ndetse no kwerekana abadayimoni nk'igishuko. [35] Byongeye kandi, amashusho rusange y’abagore yandujwe mu baturage ba Haredi, kandi abakobwa b’Abayahudi bakiri bato batewe amacandwe kandi bitwa indaya kubera kwambara imyenda ifatwa nk'iyiyubashye. [37] Raporo zerekana ko ahanini abayoboke b’ibanze ba Haredi aribo bashinzwe ibikorwa by’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, kandi ko umuryango wa Haredi muri rusange udashyigikiye ibyo bikorwa. [38]

Ibikorwa by'Abayahudi b'ibanze Haredi muri Isiraheli byiswe ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. [39] Mugihe abagore basanzwe bicara inyuma ya bisi mu bice bya Isiraheli, nta tegeko ryemewe ribishyira mu bikorwa. Icyakora, ikintu kimwe cyabaye mu Kuboza 2011 aho umugabo wa Haredi yasabye umugore wicaye imbere ya bisi kugenda yerekeza inyuma; nyuma yo kwangwa kwe kwateje igiterane kinini. Gutabara kwa polisi amaherezo byatandukanije guhangana. Ku bijyanye n'iki gikorwa, Minisitiri w’intebe wa Isiraheli, Benjamin Netanyahu, yatangaje ko ashyigikiye ahantu rusange hahurira abantu bose n’ubumwe mu baturage. [40] Hari kandi amakuru avuga ko Abayahudi ba Haredi baciriye amacandwe ku bagore, bagaba igitero ku bakozi ba televiziyo, kandi bakigaragambya bafite ibyapa byigisha abagore kwambara no kwirinda kugenda mu masinagogi . [41]

idini rya kiyahudi

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Sign at an Israeli beach for segregated bathing, to accommodate Haredi Jews

Amashuri amwe y'Ababuda bo muri Tibet bisaba abagore gutunganya mumaseminari nubundi buryo bwo gusenga nyuma yabagabo. [ citation needed ] Baratandukanijwe kandi nabagabo mugihe cyibi bihe nibindi bihe byinshi; kurugero, guterana kumugaragaro no gusangira, cyane cyane iyo ibyo bibaye imbere yumumonaki mukuru. Hariho ] ibimenyetso [ byerekana abagabo n'abagore, harimo n'abagabo n'abagore - bahatirwa gufata ubwikorezi butandukanye mu bihe bimwe na bimwe by'Ababuda. ndetse no gusabwa kuguma mubyumba bya hoteri bitandukanye iyo babitabye.

Inyigo

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Ibihugu byinshi ku isi byerekana ibikorwa by’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, nubwo bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Ibikurikira n’ibihugu byavuzwe ko byakoresheje urugero runaka rw’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina.

Afuganisitani

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Afuganisitani, iyobowe n’amadini y’abatalibani, yaranzwe n’amatsinda y’abagore n’abandi nka gahunda y’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina aho abagore batandukanijwe n’abagabo ku karubanda kandi ntibashobora kubona ubwisanzure mu by'amategeko cyangwa amahirwe angana yo kubona akazi cyangwa amashuri. [42] [43] Bahagurukiye ku butegetsi mu mpera za 1996, abatalibani bashimangiye amahanga kubera gufata abagore, ashyiraho politiki yabuzaga ubwisanzure bw’abagore bwo kugenda, akazi, n’uburenganzira bwo kwiga. [44] Ku butegetsi bw’abatalibani, abagore bari mu kaga ko gufungwa no guhohoterwa ku mubiri baramutse bahamwe n’icyaha cyo kuba barenze ku myambarire yashyizweho, hamwe n’ihohoterwa ryarimo: kwerekana amaboko, ukuboko, ibirenge, cyangwa mu maso; kutambara burka; no kwambara ibintu bigaragara ko bibabaje, urugero amasogisi yera / inkweto, imyenda ya stilish, inkweto zitera urusaku mugihe ugenda. [45]

Muri Kamena 2023, Umunyamabanga wihariye w’umuryango w’abibumbye ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afuganisitani, Richard Bennett, yabwiye akanama k’uburenganzira bwa muntu i Geneve ku bijyanye n’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Afuganisitani. [46]

Irani

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Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21 muri Irani, uburenganzira bw'umugore bwarahagaritswe cyane, ugereranije n'ubwa mu bihugu byinshi byateye imbere. Raporo y’Ihuriro ry’Ubukungu ku Isi mu mwaka wa 2017 Raporo y’Uburinganire ku Isi yashyize Irani 140, mu bihugu 144, kubera uburinganire. Muri 2017, muri Irani, igitsina gore cyari kigizwe na 19% gusa mu bakozi bahembwa, bikiyongera ku gipimo cya karindwi [47] guhera mu 1990. Ugereranije n’utundi turere two muri [48], abagore bo muri Irani bafite uburyo bwiza bwo kubona konti y’imari, uburezi, na terefone zigendanwa. [48] : 16 Irani yashyizwe ku mwanya wa 116, mu bihugu 153, mu bijyanye n'ivangura rikorerwa abagore. [48] : 16 

Maleziya

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Mu mwaka wa 2006, Marina Mahathir, umukobwa w’uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’intebe wa Maleziya akaba n’umukangurambaga uharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore, yavuze ko imiterere y’abagore b’abayisilamu muri Maleziya isa n’iy'Abirabura bo muri Afurika y'Epfo birabura ivangura. [49] [50] Amagambo ya Marina yavuzwe asubiza itegeko rishya rya kisilamu ryemerera abagabo gutandukana cyangwa gufata abagore bagera kuri bane. Amategeko kandi yahaye abagabo uburenganzira ku mutungo w'abagore babo. [49] Amatsinda y’aba conservateurs nk’ihuriro ry’abakozi b’abayisilamu bo muri Maleziya yanenze amagambo ye yo gutuka Shariya no gutesha agaciro uruhare rukomeye rw’abagore muri Maleziya ugereranije n’ibindi bihugu by’abayisilamu n’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya. [49]

Pakisitani

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Umuryango wa Pakisitani wasobanuwe ko ukoresha ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina bitewe n’imiterere y’abagore mu nzego za politiki, ubukungu, n’imibereho. Urugero, itegeko ry’abenegihugu ryo mu 1951 ribuza abagore bo muri Pakisitani bafite abagabo b’abanyamahanga kubona ubwenegihugu bwa Pakisitani. [51] Itandukaniro rishingiye ku gitsina mu bikorwa by’ubukungu, uburezi no gusoma, no kugereranya imibonano mpuzabitsina mu baturage na byo byavuzwe nkikimenyetso cy’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Pakisitani. [52]

Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekana ko uruhare rw’uburinganire muri sosiyete ya Pakisitani rwanduzwa binyuze mu bitabo by’amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye, wirengagije gushyira abagore b’ingenzi mu mateka n’ubushakashatsi bw’imibereho. Ivangura rishingiye [53] rero rishyirwaho binyuze mu nyandiko n'amashusho aho abagore bakoreshwa imirimo yo mu rugo kandi ntibakunze kugaragara ko bakorera hanze y'urugo. Byongeye kandi, kubijyanye na kamere n'imiterere, igitsina gabo nigitsina gore kirangwa nkibihabanye bitandukanye: mugihe abagore "ari ubusa, ibicucu nubucucu", abagabo "bafite ubwenge, intwari kandi bakomeye". [53] Kubera iyo mpamvu, uruhare rw’uburinganire rwashimangiye kandi rukomeza ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina.

Imbaraga zo guhagarika ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina zakozwe binyuze muri politiki nk’umushinga w’itegeko rirengera abagore, washyizweho n’Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Pakisitani mu Kuboza [54] Mbere, Amategeko ya Hudood yari impaka zishingiye ku miterere yabo idahwitse no kuvuga ko bagandukira abagore mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko. [55] Urugero, abahohotewe n’abakobwa bashobora guhamwa n’icyaha ko gufata ku ngufu ari ubusambanyi n’ubusambanyi niba bitagaragaye ukundi. [56]

Arabiya Sawudite

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Sign prohibiting women from a gymnasium in the Marriott Hotel in Jeddah

Imikorere ya Arabiya Sawudite ku bijyanye n’abagore yagiye ivugwa ko ari ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. [57] [58] Abagore babujijwe gutwara kandi baracyasaba [ ] kugirango bagende. Komisiyo ishinzwe guteza imbere ingeso nziza no gukumira Visi igenzura ishyirwa [59] ry’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina mu mibereho y’abaturage ba Arabiya Sawudite; kuvanga bitemewe hagati yimibonano mpuzabitsina bihanwa bikomeye. Gahunda y’uburezi yo muri Arabiya Sawudite kandi ishyira mu bikorwa uruhare rw’uburinganire mu kwigisha ko kugandukira abagore kuvuka ku bagore. [60] Vuba aha, hashyizweho uburyo bushya bw’ikoranabuhanga bugabisha abarinzi b’abagabo binyuze mu nyandiko igihe abategarugori babo bava mu gihugu. [61] Muri rusange, abagore bo muri Arabiya Sawudite bafite uburenganzira bwemewe n’abana bato kandi ntibashobora gufata ibyemezo bikomeye, urugero nko mu burezi, mu kazi, no mu buvuzi, batabanje kubiherwa uruhushya na mwene wabo w’umugabo. [61]

Gutesha agaciro abagore muri societe yo muri Arabiya Sawudite byateje igitutu kinini haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Iterambere rya vuba ryagaragaye bitewe n’impeshyi y’abarabu n’imyigaragambyo y’Abarabu yo muri Arabiya Sawudite 2011–2012, nk’umwami Abdullah yahaye uburenganzira bw’abagore mu matora y’amakomine ya 2015 . [62] Byongeye kandi, Arabiya Sawudite nayo yakuyeho amategeko abuza gukoresha moto n’amagare n’abagore; abategarugori barashobora noneho gutwara igare ahantu runaka niba bambaye neza muri abaya kandi biherekejwe numurinzi wumugabo. [63]

Imibereho

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Intiti n’abarwanashyaka bose banenze amategeko mpuzamahanga kubera ko adafite gahunda n’ibikorwa rusange mu kumenya ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe by’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina no kugira ngo bikumirwe. [64] Nk’uko aba banegura babivuga, ivangura rishingiye ku muco ryakunze kuba intandaro yo kurengera ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, mu rwego rwo kurinda ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore guhinduka no guhirika ubutegetsi. Imvugo ikikije ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina nayo yafashwe nabi nkuburyo bwa neocolonialism ikomeza imyumvire ya Islamu. [65] [64] Igisubizo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye ku ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abatalibani ryakorewe abagore muri Afuganisitani, cyaganiriweho cyane. Bamwe bavuga ko Loni "itananiwe gukumira gusa, nyuma ikaza no kuba umuntu urwanya politiki y’uburinganire bw’ubutegetsi bw’abatalibani, ariko ko mu by'ukuri yarimo ivangura rikorerwa abagore mu nkunga z’ubutabazi no mu gushaka abakozi baho." [66]

Mu 1997, Feminist Majority Foundation (FMF) yatangije ubukangurambaga bwo guhagarika ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Afuganisitani, ahamagarira abantu ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu rikorerwa abagore bayobowe n’abatalibani. [67] Yamaganwe kuba yarateje imbere "feminism feminism" no kuba afite imvugo ikoreshwa yamagana Islam ko ari mbi. [68] Nyuma y’ubutegetsi bw’abatalibani baguye, ubukangurambaga bwaragutse kandi buhindurwamo izina kugira ngo babe ubukangurambaga ku bagore n’abakobwa bo muri Afuganisitani. Iyobowe na Mavis Leno kandi igamije gukomeza gukangurira abantu ubusumbane muri Afuganisitani. [67]

Ubukangurambaga bwa No Women, No Play bwatangijwe mu 2009 na gahunda ya Hadi Al Mutif ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu kigo gishinzwe ibibazo by’ikigobe hagamijwe gukemura ibibazo by’umugore muri Arabiya Sawudite. Ubukangurambaga bugamije kubuza Arabiya Sawudite mu mikino Olempike kugeza igihe izemerera abagore [ muri ] Sawudite kwitabira siporo. [69] Mu gitabo cyayo, Komite mpuzamahanga y'imikino Olempike (IOC) itangaza ko kwitabira ibikorwa bya siporo ari uburenganzira bwa muntu. Usibye ubukangurambaga bwa No Women, No Play, indi miryango nka Human Rights Watch yerekeje rubanda muri Arabiya Sawudite kubera ko imikino ] [ . [70]

Ku bijyanye n'ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Gatolika y'Abaroma by'umwihariko, Abapadiri b'Abagatolika b'Abaroma (RCWP) bashinze kugira ngo basuzugure imyanya y'itorero ryabuzaga ishyirwaho ry'abagore. [71] Kuva iryo tsinda rimaze kubona ikindi cyifuzo cyo gusohora inyandiko ya Pink Smoke ya 2011 kuri Vatikani . [72]

Reba kandi

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  • Urutonde rwabagore bose
  • Apartheid (amategeko yo muri Afrika yepfo)
  • Athos, agace k'Ubugereki aho abagore batemerewe
  • Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore
  • Gutema igitsina gore
  • Femicide
  • Amacakubiri y'abagore
  • Uburinganire
  • Gutandukanya uburinganire
  • Raporo yuburinganire bwisi yose
  • Ubugabo bwa Hegemonic
  • Misogyny
  • Okinoshima, ikirwa cy'Ubuyapani aho abagore batemerewe
  • Gutandukanya igitsina
  • Imibonano mpuzabitsina
  • Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore
  • Umwanya wabagore gusa

Inyandiko

[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]
  1. ↑ "Claire Berlinski on Twitter".
  2. ↑ "Apartheid". StandWithUs. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  3. ↑ Chesler, Phyllis (2011). "Phyllis Chesler on Islamic gender apartheid". Phyllis Chesler Organization. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  4. ↑ Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond, Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  5. ↑ Andrews, Penelope (2001). "From Gender Apartheid to Non-Sexism: The Pursuit of Women's Rights in South Africa". North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation.
  6. ↑ Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond, Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  7. ↑ Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond, Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  8. ↑ Barbara Arneil, Editor, Sexual justice/cultural justice: critical perspectives in political theory and practice, Volume 23 of Routledge innovations in political theory, Taylor & Francis US, 2007, 180, (ISBN 0-415-77092-0), (ISBN 978-0-415-77092-7)
  9. ↑ Courtney W. Howland, Religious fundamentalisms and the human rights of women, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, p 62, (ISBN 0-312-29306-2), (ISBN 978-0-312-29306-2)
  10. ↑ Bates, Stephen (2001-10-25). "Church persists with sexual apartheid, say women priests". The Guardian. London: Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  11. ↑ Kepler, Patricia Budd (January 1978). "Women Clergy and the Cultural Order". Theology Today. 34 (4): 402–409. doi:10.1177/004057367803400408. S2CID 146897549.
  12. ↑ Courtney W. Howland, Religious fundamentalisms and the human rights of women, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, p 11, (ISBN 0-312-29306-2), (ISBN 978-0-312-29306-2)
  13. ↑ "Considerations on the Delicta graviora". www.vatican.va.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bonavoglia, Angela. "Women Challenge Gender Apartheid in the Catholic Church". On the Issues. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  15. ↑ Levitt, Judith (September 29, 2012). "Women as Priests". New York Times. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  16. ↑ Matinuddin, Kamal (1999). "The Taliban's Religious Attitude". The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 34–43. ISBN 0-19-579274-2. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Kazemi, Farhad (2000). "Gender, Islam, and Politics". Social Research. 67 (2): 453–474.
  18. ↑ Siraj, Asifa (October 2011). "Meanings of modesty and the hijab amongst Muslim women in Glasgow, Scotland". Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography. Taylor & Francis. 18 (6): 716–731. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2011.617907. ISSN 1360-0524. S2CID 144326780.
  19. ↑ Leeman, A. B. (2009). "Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions" (PDF). Indiana Law Journal. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Maurer School of Law. 84 (2): 743–772. ISSN 0019-6665. S2CID 52224503. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  20. ↑ Elmali-Karakaya, Ayse (2020). "Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages". In Hood, Ralph W.; Cheruvallil-Contractor, Sariya (eds.). Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms. Vol. 31. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 388–410. doi:10.1163/9789004443969_020. ISBN 978-90-04-44348-8. ISSN 1046-8064.
  21. ↑ "Roughly one-in-ten married Muslims have a non-Muslim spouse". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  22. ↑ Jahangir, Junaid (21 March 2017). "Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  23. ↑ Siraj, Asifa (October 2011). "Meanings of modesty and the hijab amongst Muslim women in Glasgow, Scotland". Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography. Taylor & Francis. 18 (6): 716–731. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2011.617907. ISSN 1360-0524. S2CID 144326780.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Mojab, Shahrzad (December 1998). "'Muslim' Women and 'Western' Feminists: The Debate on Particulars and Universals". Monthly Review. 50 (7): 19–30. doi:10.14452/mr-050-07-1998-11_2.
  25. ↑ Rasekh, Zohra; Heidi Bauer; Michele Manos; Vincent Iacopino (August 1998). "Women's Health and Human Rights in Afghanistan". Journal of the American Medical Association. 280 (5): 449–55. doi:10.1001/jama.280.5.449. PMID 9701081.
  26. ↑ "Students protest forced veiling". Iran Focus. October 19, 2004. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Barrett, David (October 2, 2010). "British schools where girls must wear the Islamic veil". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Fernandez, Sonya (2009). "The Crusade over the Bodies of Women". Patterns of Prejudice. 43 (3–4): 269–286. doi:10.1080/00313220903109185. S2CID 73618765.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Matinuddin, Kamal (1999). "The Taliban's Religious Attitude". The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 34–43. ISBN 0-19-579274-2. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  30. ↑ "US Country Report on Human Rights Practices – Afghanistan 2001". State.gov. 4 March 2002. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  31. ↑ Mahnaz Afkhami, "Gender Apartheid, Cultural Relativism, and Women's Human Rights in Muslim Societies," in Women, gender, and human rights: a global perspective, Marjorie Agosín, Editor, Rutgers University Press, 2001, (ISBN 0-8135-2983-2)
  32. ↑ Walid Phares, The War of Ideas: Jihadism Against Democracy, Macmillan, 2008, p 102, (ISBN 0-230-60255-X), 9780230602557
  33. ↑ Lee, Adam (18 January 2012). "Fighting Gender Apartheid in Israel". Big Think. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  34. ↑ Sharon, Jeremy (16 November 2011). "Gender segregation practices are apartheid". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 El-Or, Tamar (1993). "The Length of the Slits and the Spread of Luxury: Reconstructing the Subordination of Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Women Through the Patriarchy of Men Scholars". Sex Roles. 29 (9–10): 585–598. doi:10.1007/bf00289206. S2CID 145745677.
  36. ↑ Berman, Eli (2000). "Sect, Subsidy, and Sacrifice: An Economist's View of Ultra-Orthodox Jews" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 115 (3): 905–953. doi:10.1162/003355300554944.
  37. ↑ "When women and girls are the enemy". Sydney Morning Herald. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  38. ↑ Martin, Patrick (10 January 2012). "In Jerusalem, women are voiceless at a decidedly womanly event". The Globe & Mail. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  39. ↑ Lee, Adam (18 January 2012). "Fighting Gender Apartheid in Israel". Big Think. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  40. ↑ Lemberg, Izzy; Kevin Flower (19 December 2011). "Israel's 'Rosa Parks' refuses to take back seat". CNN. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  41. ↑ "Clashes erupt between police and ultra-Orthodox Jews near Jerusalem". The Telegraph. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  42. ↑ Women in Afghanistan Inyandikorugero:Webarchive, Women's Human Rights Resource Programme, University of Toronto Bora Laskin Law Library.
  43. ↑ Hunter, D. Lyn. Gender Apartheid Under Afghanistan's Taliban The Berkleyan, March 17, 1999.
  44. ↑ Verdirame, Guglielmo (2001). "Testing the Effectiveness of International Norms: UN Humanitarian Assistance and Sexual Apartheid in Afghanistan" (PDF). Human Rights Quarterly. 23 (3): 733–768. doi:10.1353/hrq.2001.0043. S2CID 144808940.
  45. ↑ Rasekh, Zohra; Heidi Bauer; Michele Manos; Vincent Iacopino (August 1998). "Women's Health and Human Rights in Afghanistan". Journal of the American Medical Association. 280 (5): 449–55. doi:10.1001/jama.280.5.449. PMID 9701081.
  46. ↑ "Taliban treatment of women could be 'gender apartheid', UN expert says". Reuters (in Icyongereza). 2023-06-20. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  47. ↑ "World Economic Forum". 2018-04-17. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Klugman, Jeni (October 2017). Women, Peace and Security Index 2017–18 report (PDF) (Report). p. 84. ISBN 978-0-692-94090-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018. Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 3.0
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Kent, Jonathan (March 11, 2006). "Malaysia 'apartheid' row deepens". BBC News.
  50. ↑ Kent, Jonathan (March 8, 2006). "Malaysia women 'suffer apartheid'". BBC News.
  51. ↑ "Women's rights in Pakistan: NGOs compile report to show the 'real' picture". The Tribune. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  52. ↑ Weiss, Anita (2003). "Interpreting Islam and Women's Rights: Implementing CEDAW in Pakistan". International Sociology. 18 (3): 581–601. doi:10.1177/02685809030183007. S2CID 145769041.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Dean, Bernadette (2007). "8". In Rashida Qureshi and Jane F.A. Rarieya (ed.). Creating Subjects for Gender Apartheid: A Critical Study of an English Language Pakistani Textbook. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–193.
  54. ↑ "Pakistan: The Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act, 2006 and its implementation". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 3 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  55. ↑ Imran, Rahat (November 2005). "Legal Injustices: The Zina Hudood Ordinance of Pakistan and Its Implications for Women" (PDF). Journal of International Women's Studies. 7 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  56. ↑ Paracha, Nida (7 May 2011). "The Hudood Ordinances". Dawn. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  57. ↑ Jensen, Rita Henley. Taking the Gender Apartheid Tour in Saudi Arabia Inyandikorugero:Webarchive, Women's eNews, 03/07/2005.
  58. ↑ Handrahan, L.M. Gender Apartheid and Cultural Absolution: Saudi Arabia and the International Criminal Court Inyandikorugero:Webarchive, Human Rights Internet, Human Rights Tribune, Vol. 8, No. 1, Spring 2001.
  59. ↑ Clarey, Christopher (February 15, 2012). "Ban Urged on Saudi Arabia Over Discrimination". New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  60. ↑ Manea, Elham (30 December 2013). "Women in Saudi Arabia are caught in a system of gender apartheid". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Harding, Luke (23 November 2012). "Saudi Arabia criticised over text alerts tracking women's movements". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  62. ↑ Clarey, Christopher (February 15, 2012). "Ban Urged on Saudi Arabia Over Discrimination". New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  63. ↑ "Saudi Arabia eases ban on women riding bikes". Al Jazeera. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Mayer, Ann Elizabeth (2000). "A Benign Apartheid: How Gender Apartheid Has Been Rationalized". UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs.
  65. ↑ Fernandez, Sonya (2009). "The Crusade over the Bodies of Women". Patterns of Prejudice. 43 (3–4): 269–286. doi:10.1080/00313220903109185. S2CID 73618765.
  66. ↑ Verdirame, Guglielmo (2001). "Testing the Effectiveness of International Norms: UN Humanitarian Assistance and Sexual Apartheid in Afghanistan" (PDF). Human Rights Quarterly. 23 (3): 733–768. doi:10.1353/hrq.2001.0043. S2CID 144808940.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Campaign for Afghan Women & Girls". Feminist Majority Foundation. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  68. ↑ Russo, Ann (December 2006). "The Feminist Majority Foundation's Campaign to Stop Gender Apartheid: The Intersections of Feminism and Imperialism in the United States". International Feminist Journal of Politics. 8 (4). doi:10.1080/14616740600945149. S2CID 32844724.
  69. ↑ "No Women No Play Game Plan". Archived from the original on 2013-11-27.
  70. ↑ Clarey, Christopher (February 15, 2012). "Ban Urged on Saudi Arabia Over Discrimination". New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  71. ↑ "Roman Catholic Womenpriests". Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  72. ↑ Ronan, Marian. "What Color is Vatican Smoke?". Religious Dispatches. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
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