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Inziga

Kubijyanye na Wikipedia
Uruziga

bInziga zimenyereza , zizwi nka stabilisateur hanze ya Amerika y'amajyaruguru ni amapine abiri yongerwa ku gice cy'inyuma cy'igare kugirango rigire amapine ane, bifasha abigira gutwara igare ubwabo. [1] Kuva ku mpera z'imyaka ya 1990, amagare yitwa balance bikes yatangiye gusimbura ayo y'uruziga, kuko afasha cyane kwiga kubungabunga umutuzo no gutwara igare neza . [2] [3]

Amateka

[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Isosiyete y'Abanyamerika Huffy yazanye ibiziga by'amahugurwa mu 1949 hamwe ni gare ryayo 'Convertible'. Igishushanyo gisanzwe cy'amahugurwa yibiziga ntabwo cyahindutse kuva iki [4] Zigizwe n'inziga ebyiri nto, imwe kuruhande rwuruziga rwinyuma rwamagare. Bifatanije kuruhande rwicyuma cyangwa ikadiri irambuye hanze yikigare, nibyiza kugumisha ibiziga byamahugurwa hejuru yubutaka. Utwugarizo tugenewe guhindurwa kugirango habeho uburebure butandukanye n’impande z’ibiziga byamahugurwa, bituma habaho kwihitiramo ukurikije ibyo uyigenderaho akeneye, ariko ibi biragoye kubigeraho mubikorwa. [5]

Igitekerezo cyo guhugura ibiziga gishobora kwerekanwa mu buryo bw'ikigereranyo mu Cyongereza ku nkunga iyo ari yo yose ya mashini, cyane cyane mu iterambere rya software . [6]

Koresha

[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Inziga zamahugurwa zikoreshwa, 2020

Imikorere y'iziga ry'imyitozo ishingiye kumyumvire yuko umutwara wiga ashobora gutezimbere buhoro buhoro uburinganire bwabo hamwe nubuhanga bwo guhuza imbaraga ashingiye kumfashanyo yibiziga byinyongera. Mugihe uyigenderaho agira ikizere nubuhanga, the training wheels izamurwa buhoro buhoro cyangwa bikurwaho, mubyukuri byemerera uwagenderaho kwimuka kugendera nta nkunga y'inyongera. [7]

Imipaka

[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Abashakashatsi berekanye ko ibiziga by'amahugurwa (training wheels) bidindiza iterambere ryukuri hamwe nubuhanga bwo kuyobora. Kwishingikiriza kumuziga wamahugurwa birinda abayitwara kubona byimazeyo imbaraga zo gutwara igare kandi biganisha kubibazo byo kwimuka kugendana batabifite. [2]​ [5]

  1. Iterambere ntarengwa: Amahugurwa azenguruka, mugihe atanga itangiriro ryambere, abuza iterambere ryingirakamaro hamwe nubuhanga bwo guhuza ibikorwa. Ibiziga byinyongera birinda uyigenderaho kubona byimazeyo icyerekezo gisanzwe gikenewe kugirango habeho kuringaniza. Nkigisubizo, abatwara ibinyabiziga barashobora kwishingikiriza cyane kumuziga wimyitozo kandi bagaharanira kwimuka batagendeye. [8]
  2. Gutinda kubaka ikizere: Inziga zamahugurwa zirashobora gutera ubwoba bwumutekano kubatwara bato. Mugihe bamenyereye ituze ritangwa ninziga zamahugurwa, ntibashobora kumva bafite ikizere gihagije cyo kugenda batayifite. Ibi birashobora kuganisha kumwanya muremure wo kwiga kandi bikabuza iterambere ryo kwigirira icyizere. [9]
  3. Igenzura ridafite akamaro: Inziga zamahugurwa zigabanya ubushobozi bwuwitwara kuyobora igare neza. Kubera ko ibiziga byamahugurwa bifasha cyane cyane uburemere, uyigenderaho ntagenzura neza icyerekezo cyamagare. Uku kubuzwa gushobora kubangamira iterambere ryubuhanga bukenewe bwo kuyobora kandi bikagora uyigenderaho kugendera kumpande nimbogamizi. [10]
  4. Inzibacyuho igoye: Gukuraho ibiziga byamahugurwa birashobora kuba inzira igoye kandi iteye ubwoba kubakiri bato. Guhinduka gutunguranye kuva kugoboka kugendana kugendana kugendanwa udashyigikiwe birashobora kuba byinshi kandi bitesha umutwe. Abana benshi bahura nibibazo hanyuma bagacika intege muriki cyiciro cyinzibacyuho, akenshi bisaba igihe cyinyongera ninkunga kugirango babe bagenda neza badafite ibiziga byamahugurwa. [11]

Inziga zamahugurwa(training wheels) cyane cyane ziba inzitizi yo kwiga niba zahinduwe nabi, kuko zibuza igare kunanuka niba ziri hasi cyane, kandi bikabuza gufata feri niba uburemere bwinshi bwakuwe kumuziga winyuma ukoresheje ibiziga byimyitozo biri hasi cyane. Guhindura ibiziga byamahugurwa neza, no kubizamura hejuru uko ubuhanga bwumwana bwiyongera, bifasha kugabanya ariko ntibikuraho burundu ibyo bibazo. [12]

Gusimbuza amagare aringaniye

[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Tugarutse ku nkomoko y'amagare mu ifarashi yijimye, amagare aringaniye yahise atoneshwa na pedagogy yo gusiganwa ku magare nyuma yo kuyitangiza mu [13] Kwiga kugendana nigare riringaniye bitanga inyungu ndende ndende kubatwara bato kuruta ibiziga byamahugurwa. [2] yatangiye gutanga ibiziga byamahugurwa kwisi yose mu myaka ya za 2010. [14]

  1. ↑ Clark, Nick; Rowntree, Isla (2023-04-07). "How to teach a kid to ride a bike in 30 minutes". BikeRadar (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Blommenstein, Biko; Kamp, John (2022). "Mastering balance: The use of balance bicycles promotes the development of independent cycling". British Journal of Developmental Psychology (in Icyongereza). 40 (2): 242–253. doi:10.1111/bjdp.12409. ISSN 0261-510X. PMC 9310799. PMID 35262200. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Biko" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Mercê, Cristiana; Branco, Marco; Catela, David; Lopes, Frederico; Cordovil, Rita (2022). "Learning to cycle: From training wheels to balance bike". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (in Icyongereza). 19 (3): 1814. doi:10.3390/ijerph19031814. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 8834827. PMID 35162834.
  4. ↑ Clemitson, Suze (2017). A history of cycling in 100 objects (in Icyongereza). London: Bloomsbury. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4729-1888-8.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Becker, Andrew; Jenny, Seth E. (2017-05-04). "No need for training wheels: Ideas for including balance bikes in elementary physical education". Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (in Icyongereza). 88 (4): 14–21. doi:10.1080/07303084.2016.1270789. ISSN 0730-3084. S2CID 113778276. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Becker" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Carroll, John M.; Carrithers, Caroline (1984). "Training wheels in a user interface". Communications of the ACM (in Icyongereza). 27 (8): 800–806. doi:10.1145/358198.358218. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 2269827.
  7. ↑ Davies, Sarah (2020-05-02). "On your bike!". Early Years Educator (in Icyongereza). 22 (1): S4–S5. doi:10.12968/eyed.2020.22.1.S4. ISSN 1465-931X. S2CID 218789762.
  8. ↑ Shim, Andrew L.; Norman, Shannon (2015-01-02). "Incorporating pedal-less bicycles into a pre-K through third-grade curriculum to improve stability in children". Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (in Icyongereza). 86 (1): 50–51. doi:10.1080/07303084.2015.978681. ISSN 0730-3084. S2CID 154141926.
  9. ↑ Murray, Alison; Howells, Kristy (2023-02-06). "Wheels up: Spiral progression pedagogy towards creative movers using wheels". Journal of Early Childhood Education Research (in Icyongereza). 12 (1): 54–78. ISSN 2323-7414.
  10. ↑ Mercê, Cristiana; Cordovil, Rita; Catela, David; Galdino, Flávia; Bernardino, Mafalda; Altenburg, Mirjam; António, Gonçalo; Brígida, Nancy; Branco, Marco (2022). "Learning to cycle: Is velocity a control parameter for children's cycle patterns on the balance bike?". Children (in Icyongereza). 9 (12): 1937. doi:10.3390/children9121937. ISSN 2227-9067. PMC 9776492. PMID 36553380. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help); Check |pmid= value (help)
  11. ↑ Cain, Stephen M.; Ulrich, Dale A.; Perkins, Noel C. (2012-10-17). "Using measured bicycle kinematics to quantify increased skill as a rider learns to ride a bicycle". ASME 2012 5th annual dynamic systems and control conference joint with the JSME 2012 11th motion and vibration conference. Vol. 3. Fort Lauderdale, FL: ASME. pp. 195–199. doi:10.1115/DSCC2012-MOVIC2012-8541. ISBN 978-0-7918-4531-8.
  12. ↑ Mercê, Cristiana; Pereira, Joana Vilar; Branco, Marco; Catela, David; Cordovil, Rita (2021-11-23). "Training programmes to learn how to ride a bicycle independently for children and youths: A systematic review". Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy (in Icyongereza). 28 (5): 530–545. doi:10.1080/17408989.2021.2005014. ISSN 1740-8989. S2CID 244650340.
  13. ↑ Rosen, Jody (2022). Two wheels good: The history and mystery of the bicycle (in Icyongereza). London: Bodley Head. ISBN 978-1-84792-307-3.
  14. ↑ Cordovil, Rita; Mercê, Cristiana; Branco, Marco; Lopes, Frederico; Catela, David; Hasanen, Elina; Laukkanen, Arto; Tortella, Patrizia; Fumagalli, Guido; Sá, Cristina; Jidovtseff, Boris; Zeuwts, Linus; De Meester, An; Bardid, Farid; Fujikawa, Ricardo (2022-04-28). "Learning to cycle: A cross-cultural and cross-generational comparison". Frontiers in Public Health. 10. Bibcode:2022FrPH...1061390C. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.861390. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 9096157. PMID 35570950. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
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