Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)
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Braille ( /ˈ b r eɪ l / BRAYL, ) ni uburyo bwo kwandika bwitondewe bukoreshwa n'abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona . Ishobora gusomwa haba ku mpapuro zometse ku bintu cyangwa ukoresheje disikuru ishobora kuvugururwa ihuza mudasobwa n'ibikoresho bya telefone. Braille ira
shobora kwandikwa ukoresheje icyapa na stylus, umwanditsi w'impapuro, icyuma cya elegitoronike cyangwa ukoresheje mudasobwa ihujwe n'udushushanyo twa braille . Ku basomyi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, braille ni uburyo bwigenga bwo kwandika, aho kuba code y'imyandikire yanditswe. [1]
Braille yitiriwe uwayikoze, Louis Braille, Umufaransa wabuze amaso kubera impanuka yagize mu bwana bwe. Mu 1824, afite imyaka cumi n'itanu, yateje imbere code ya braille ishingiye ku nyuguti z'igifaransa nk'iterambere mu kwandika nijoro . Yasohoye sisitemu ye, nyuma y'aho harimo no kumenyekanisha umuziki, mu 1829.Ishyirwamo rya kabiri ryasohotse mu 1837 ni ryo ryabaye uburyo bwa mbere bw'inyandiko bushingiye ku mibare ibiri(binary)bwakozwe mu gihe cya none.
Inyuguti z'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona zakozwe hakoreshejwe guhuza utudomo dutandatu twazamuye dutondekanye muri 3 × Matrix 2, bita selile ya braille. Umubare na gahunda by'ududomo bitandukanya inyuguti n'indi. Kubera ko inyuguti zinyuranye za braille zatangiye nk'imyandikire yo kwandikwa yanditse, amakarita (ibice byerekana imiterere) aratandukanye bitewe n'ururimi, ndetse no muri rumwe; mucyongereza braille hari inzego eshatu:Inyandiko ya braille yuzuye – inyuguti ku yindi ikoreshwa mu gusoma no kwandika;inyandiko ya Braille yo ku rwego rwa gatatu, ikoresha uburyo bwihariye kandi butemewe mu rwego rusange, bukoreshwa n'abantu ku giti cyabo nk'uburyo bwo kwandika byihuse.
Ibyiyongera ku nyandiko ya braille (inyuguti, utumenyetso, impine), birashoboka kandi gukora amashusho ashushanyije ndetse n'imigaragire y'amakuru(graph), hamwe n'imirongo yaba ikomeye cyangwa ikozwe mu rukurikirane rw'ubudomo, imyambi, n'amasasu manini kuruta utudomo twa braille. Akazi ka braille kuzuye karimo utudomo dutandatu twazamuye dutondekanye mu nkingi ebyiri, buri nkingi ifite utudomo dutatu. Imyanya y'akadomo igaragazwa n'imibare kuva [2] kuri umwe kugeza kuri itandatu. [2] Hariho uburyo 64 bushoboka, harimo nta kadomo na gato ku mwanya w'ijambo . [3] Utudomo twiboneza dushobora gukoreshwa duhagarariye inyuguti, imibare, akamenyetso, cyangwa ijambo. [2]
Kwiga braille hakiri kare ni ingirakamaro mu gusoma no kwandika, uburezi n'akazi ku babana n'ubumuga bwo kutabona. Hatatiwe ku ihindagurika ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya, harimo na porogaramu isoma ecran isoma amakuru mu ijwi riranguruye, braille ifasha ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutabona kubona imyandikire, utumenyetso n'izindi ngingo z'ururimi rwanditse bitagerwaho binyuze mu majwi gusa.
Mu gihe bamwe basabye ko tekinoroji ishingiye kumajwi izagabanya gukenera braille, iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga nka braille yerekanwe ryakomeje gutuma braille irushaho kuboneka no gukoresha byoroshye. Abakoresha Braille bagaragaza ko braille ikomeza kuba nk'ibyingenzi ku bareba. [4]
- ↑ Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 817–818. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "The Dot Positions in the braille cell Are Identified by Numbers from One Through Six". AFB.org. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
- ↑ "Louis Braille and the Braille System". duxburysystems.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ↑ World Blind Union. "Press Release: The importance of Braille Literacy". The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.