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Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu

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Amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ( IHRL ) ni urwego rw’amategeko mpuzamahanga agamije guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu ku rwego rw’imibereho, uturere, ndetse n’imbere mu gihugu. Mu buryo bw’amategeko mpuzamahanga, amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu agizwe ahanini n’amasezerano, amasezerano hagati y’ibihugu byigenga agamije kugira ingaruka zemewe n’amategeko hagati y’ababuranyi babyumvikanyeho; n'amategeko mpuzamahanga gakondo . Ibindi byemezo mpuzamahanga by’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nubwo bidakurikije amategeko, bigira uruhare mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa, kumva no guteza imbere amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi bizwi ko ari isoko y’inshingano za politiki . [1] [2]

Amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, agenga imyitwarire y’igihugu ku baturage bayo mu gihe cy’amahoro asanzwe agaragara nkaho atandukanye n’amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu agenga imyitwarire y’ibihugu n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro itari iya Leta mu gihe cy’amakimbirane, [3] nubwo amashami yombi y’amategeko yuzuzanya kandi mu buryo bumwe aruzuzanya.[4] [5][6] [7]

Uburyo bunoze busobanura ko amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu agaragaza imikorere y’amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu; ikubiyemo amahame rusange akoreshwa kuri buri gihe cyose kimwe n’amahame yihariye akoreshwa mu bihe bimwe na bimwe nk’intambara yitwaje intwaro hagati y’igihugu ndetse n’igisirikare (ni ukuvuga IHL) cyangwa ku matsinda amwe y’abantu barimo impunzi (urugero:[8]1 ), abana ( Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana ), n’imfungwa z’intambara ( Amasezerano y’i Jeneve ya 1949).

Sisitemu y’umuryango w’abibumbye

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Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje Itangazo na gahunda y'ibikorwa bya Vienne mu 1993, aho hashyizweho Komiseri mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye ushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu .

International Human Rights Day 2018 (45346105045)





Mu 2006, Komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu yasimbuwe n’akanama k’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu hagamijwe kubahiriza amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ihinduka ryahanuye umuryango wubatswe hamwe n’ibisabwa gusubiramo imanza z’uburenganzira bwa muntu buri myaka ine. Intego z'umuryango w’abibumbye zigamije iterambere rirambye kandi zigamije guteza imbere amategeko na politiki bigamije kugabanya ubusumbane[9].

Umushinga mpuzamahanga w’uburenganzira bwa muntu

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Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR

Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu

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Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (UDHR) ni itangazo ry’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye ridashingiye ku mategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. [10] Intiti nyinshi mu by'amategeko zivuga UDHR nk'ikimenyetso cy'amategeko mpuzamahanga gakondo .

Muri rusange, UDHR yabaye uburenganzira bwemewe bwa muntu. Yatanze ishingiro ry’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu akurikiza amategeko mpuzamahanga atubahiriza amategeko, ariko amaherezo yemewe

Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu

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Usibye kwemezwa mu 1966 mu masezerano abiri yagutse agize umushinga w'itegeko mpuzamahanga ryita ku burenganzira bwa muntu (ni ukuvuga Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki ndetse n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco ), andi masezerano yemejwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Mubisanzwe bizwi nkibikoresho byuburenganzira bwa muntu . Bimwe mubyingenzi harimo ibi bikurikira:

  • Processes for becoming a state party to a treaty
    ukurikizwa mu 2010).Amasezerano yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside (CPCG) (yemejwe 1948 atangira gukurikizwa mu 1951);Amasezerano ajyanye n’imiterere y’impunzi (CSR) (yemejwe mu 1951 atangira gukurikizwa mu 1954);
  • Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura rishingiye ku moko (CERD) (yemejwe mu 1965 atangira gukurikizwa mu 1969); [11]
  • Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore (CEDAW) (ryatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1981); [12]
  • amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye arwanya iyicarubozo (CAT) (yemejwe mu 1984 atangira gukurikizwa mu 1987); [13]
  • Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana (CRC) (yemejwe mu 1989 atangira gukurikizwa mu 1990); [14]
  • Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurengera uburenganzira bw’abakozi bose bimukira n’abagize imiryango yabo (ICRMW) (yemejwe mu 1990 atangira gukurikizwa mu 2003);
  • Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (CRPD) (yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2008); [15] na
  • Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo kurengera abantu bose kubura ku gahato (ICPPED) (yemejwe mu 2006 atangira g

Kurinda akarere ninzego

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Sisitemu yo mu karere y’amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yuzuza kandi yuzuza amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku rwego mpuzamahanga no kurengera no guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bice bimwe by’isi. Hariho ingingo eshatu zingenzi z’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere zashyizeho amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku karere:

  • Amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage kuri Afurika yo mu 1981, atangira gukurikizwa kuva 1986;
  • Amasezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu muri Amerika yo mu 1969, atangira gukurikizwa kuva mu 1978; na
  • Amasezerano y’uburayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku Burayi yo mu 1950, atangira gukurikizwa kuva 1953.

Amerika n'Uburayi

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Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika hamwe n’Inama y’Uburayi, kimwe na Loni, bemeje amasezerano (nubwo yaba afite uburyo buke bwo kuyashyira mu bikorwa) akubiyemo urutonde rw’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, hiyongereyeho ayo masezerano yavuzwe haruguru yerekeye ahanini uburenganzira bw’abaturage na politiki :

  • Amasezerano y’imibereho y’ibihugu by’i Burayi yo mu 1961, atangira gukurikizwa kuva mu 1965 (uburyo bwo kurega bwashyizweho mu 1995 hashingiwe ku masezerano y’inyongera, bwatangiye gukurikizwa kuva mu 1998); na
  • Porotokole ya San Salvador muri ACHR kuri Amerika yo mu 1988, ikurikizwa kuva 1999.

Afurika

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Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika Yunze ubumwe (AU) n’ubumwe ndengakamere bugizwe n’ibihugu 5 bya Afurika. [1] AU yashinzwe mu 2001, intego ya AU ni ugufasha guharanira demokarasi ya Afurika, uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’ubukungu burambye, cyane cyane mu guca amakimbirane hagati y’Afurika no gushyiraho isoko rusange kandi ritanga umusaruro. [2]

Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage n’igikoresho cy’ibanze cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere, cyagaragaye ku nkunga y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika (OAU) (kuva cyasimbuwe n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika ). Umugambi wo gutegura Amasezerano Nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage watangajwe mu 1979.Amasezerano yemejwe ku bwumvikane n’Inteko ya OAU yo mu 1981.

Hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 63 (aho yagombaga "gukurikizwa nyuma y’amezi atatu nyuma y’iyakirwa n’umunyamabanga mukuru w’ibyemezo byo kwemeza cyangwa kubahiriza rubanda nyamwinshi" y’ibihugu bigize Umuryango wa OAU), Amasezerano nyafurika y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 21 Ukwakira 1986, mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ku ya 21 Ukwakira umunsi w’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afurika. [16]

Komisiyo Nyafurika ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’abaturage (ACHPR) ni urwego rw’ubucamanza rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, rufite inshingano zo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uburenganzira rusange (abaturage) ku mugabane wa Afurika, ndetse no gusobanura Amasezerano nyafurika y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage, no gusuzuma ibirego ku giti cyabo ku ihohoterwa ry’amasezerano. Komisiyo ifite ibintu bitatu byagutse: [17]

  1. guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage;
  2. kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage; na
  3. gusobanura Amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage .

Kugira ngo izo ntego zigerweho, komisiyo ishinzwe "gukusanya inyandiko, gukora ubushakashatsi n’ubushakashatsi ku bibazo bya Afurika mu bijyanye n’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu n’abaturage, gutegura amahugurwa, ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo n’inama, gukwirakwiza amakuru, gushishikariza inzego z’igihugu n’inzego z’ibanze zita ku burengan[18]zira bwa muntu n’abaturage kandi, nibiramuka bibaye, gutanga ibitekerezo cyangwa gutanga ibyifuzo kuri guverinoma." [19]

Hashyizweho Urukiko nyafurika rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage (hashingiwe ku masezerano y’amasezerano yemejwe mu 1998 atangira gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004), komisiyo izaba ifite inshingano z’inyongera zo gutegura imanza kugira ngo zishyikirizwe ububasha bw’urukiko. [20] Mu cyemezo cyo muri Nyakanga 2004, Inteko ya AU yemeje ko Urukiko ruzaza ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage ruzahuzwa n’urukiko nyafurika.

Urukiko rw’Ubutabera rw’Ubumwe bw’Afurika rugamije kuba "urwego rw’ubucamanza rw’Ubumwe". [21] [22] N'ubwo itarashyirwaho, igamije gufata inshingano za komisiyo nyafurika ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage, ndetse no gukora nkurukiko rukuru rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, isobanura amategeko n'amasezerano yose akenewe. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage yatangiye gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004, [23] ariko kwivanga n’urukiko rw’ubutabera byatinze gushingwa. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko rw’Ubutabera azatangira gukurikizwa igihe yemejwe n’ibihugu cumi na bitanu. [24]

Hariho ibihugu byinshi muri Afurika biregwa ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'imiryango mpuzamahanga n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta.[25]

Sisitemu yo muri Amerika.

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Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika (OAS) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga ufite icyicaro i Washington, DC. Abanyamuryango bayo ni ibihugu mirongo itatu na bitanu byigenga-ibihugu bya Amerika

Mu myaka ya za 90, Intambara y'ubutita irangiye, kugaruka muri demokarasi muri Amerika y'Epfo, hamwe n'intego iganisha ku isi, OAS yashyizeho ingufu nyinshi kugirango yongere kwiyubaka kugirango ihuze n'imiterere mishya. Ibyashyizwe imbere ubu birimo ibi bikurikira: [26]

  • gushimangira demokarasi;
  • guharanira amahoro;
  • kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu;
  • kurwanya ruswa;
  • uburenganzira bw'abasangwabutaka; na
  • guteza imbere iterambere rirambye.

Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (IACHR) ni urwego rwigenga rw’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika, rufite icyicaro i Washington, DC Hamwe n’urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu, rufite icyicaro i San José, muri Kosta Rika, ni rumwe mu nzego zigizwe na gahunda yo muri Amerika yo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. [27] IACHR ni urwego ruhoraho ruterana mu nama zisanzwe kandi zidasanzwe inshuro nyinshi mu mwaka kugira ngo zisuzume ibirego by’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gice cy’isi. Inshingano z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zikomoka ku nyandiko eshatu: [28]

  1. Amasezerano ya OAS ;
  2. Itangazo ry’Abanyamerika ryerekeye uburenganzira n’inshingano bya muntu ; na
  3. Amasezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu .

Urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu rwashinzwe mu 1979 hagamijwe kubahiriza no gusobanura ibivugwa mu Masezerano y'Abanyamerika y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibikorwa byayo bibiri byingenzi rero ni ugucira urubanza no gutanga inama:

  • Mubya mbere, irumva kandi igenga imanza zihariye zihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu zavuzwe.
  • Mugihe cyanyuma, itanga ibitekerezo kubibazo byo gusobanura amategeko yagejejweho nizindi nzego za OAS cyangwa ibihugu bigize uyu muryango. [29]

Ibihugu byinshi byo muri Amerika, birimo Kolombiya, Cuba, Mexico na Venezuwela, [30] byashinjwaga guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Sisitemu y'Uburayi

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Inama y’Uburayi yashinzwe mu 1949, n’umuryango ushaje cyane ukorera mu Burayi. Numuryango mpuzamahanga ufite ubuzimagatozi bwemewe namategeko mpuzamahanga, kandi ufite indorerezi mumuryango w’abibumbye. Icyicaro cy'inama ni i Strasbourg mu Bufaransa.

Inama y’Uburayi ishinzwe amasezerano y’i Burayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu . [31] Izi nzego zihuza abagize akanama k’amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nubwo akomeye, yoroheje kurusha ay’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. [ citation ikenewe ]

Iyi nama kandi iteza imbere Amasezerano y’i Burayi agenga indimi z’akarere cyangwa umubare muto n’amasezerano y’ibihugu by’i Burayi . [32] Kuba umunyamuryango byugururiwe ibihugu byose by’Uburayi bishaka kwishyira hamwe kw’Uburayi, kwemera ihame ryo kugendera ku mategeko, kandi birashoboka kandi byiteguye guharanira demokarasi, uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ubwisanzure . [33]

Akanama k’Uburayi gatandukanye n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ariko biteganijwe ko ka nyuma kazinjira mu masezerano y’uburayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Akanama karimo ibihugu byose bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kandi ufite inyandiko yihariye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi . [34]

Amasezerano y’uburayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu kuva mu 1950 yasobanuye kandi yemeza uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze mu Burayi. [35] Ibihugu 47 bigize Umuryango w’Inama y’Uburayi byashyize umukono kuri aya masezerano, bityo bikaba biri mu bubasha bw’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu i Strasbourg. [35] [36] rwo gukumira iyicarubozo n’imiti itagira ubumuntu cyangwa itesha agaciro, hashyizweho [37] gukumira iyicarubozo . [38]

Inama y’Uburayi yemeje kandi Amasezerano yerekeye ibikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu muri Gicurasi 2005, mu rwego rwo kurinda icuruzwa ry’abantu n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, Amasezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi yerekeye kurengera abana kwirinda ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu Kwakira 2007, n’amasezerano yerekeye gukumira no kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo muri Gicurasi 2011. [ citation ikenewe ]

Urukiko rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’urukiko mpuzamahanga rukumbi rufite ububasha bwo gukemura ibibazo byazanywe n’abantu ku giti cyabo aho kuba ibihugu. [39] Mu ntangiriro za 2010, urukiko rwagize ibirarane by’imanza zirenga 120.000 n’urutonde rwategereje imyaka myinshi. [40] [41] [42] [43] Mu 2007, urukiko rwatanze imyanzuro 1.503. Ku kigero kiriho cyiburanisha, byatwara imyaka 46 kugirango ibirarane bishoboke. [44]

Gukurikirana, kubishyira mu bikorwa no kubishyira mu bikorwa

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Kugeza ubu nta rukiko mpuzamahanga ruyobora amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ariko inzego z’ubutabera zibaho mu masezerano amwe n'amwe ya Loni (nka komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu muri ICCPR). Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) rufite ububasha ku cyaha cya jenoside, ibyaha by'intambara n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu . Urukiko rw’Uburayi rw’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’urukiko [45] bwa muntu rwubahiriza amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere.

Nubwo izo nzego mpuzamahanga nazo zifite ububasha ku manza zerekeye amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, ni ngombwa kumenya, nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ko izo nzego zombi zigizwe n’ubutegetsi butandu[46]kanye.

Inzego z'umuryango w’abibumbye zita ku burenganzira bwa muntu zifite uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo kubahiriza amategeko. Muri byo harimo inzego z’amasezerano zometse ku masezerano arindwi akoreshwa muri iki gihe, hamwe n’akanama gashinzwe uburenganzira bw’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, hamwe na Universal Periodic Review hamwe n’Umuryango w’abibumbye wihariye (uzwi ku izina rya 1235 na 1503). [47]

Gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ni inshingano z’igihugu ; ni inshingano y'ibanze ya Leta kugira uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu bw'abaturage.

Mu bikorwa, uburenganzira bwa muntu bwinshi buragoye kubahiriza mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, kubera ko nta bwumvikane buke ku ikoreshwa ry’uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe, kutagira amategeko y’igihugu abigenga cyangwa inzego zahawe ububasha bwo gufata ibyemezo kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa. [48]

Mu bihugu birenga 110, hashyizweho ibigo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu (NHRIs) mu rwego rwo kurengera, guteza imbere cyangwa kugenzura uburenganzira bwa muntu bifite ububasha mu gihugu runaka. [49] Nubwo NHRIs zose zidakurikiza amahame ya Paris, [50] umubare ningaruka zibi bigo biriyongera. [51]

Amahame y'i Paris yasobanuwe mu mahugurwa ya mbere mpuzamahanga y’inzego z’igihugu zishinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu i Paris kuva ku ya 7 kugeza ku ya 9 Ukwakira 1991, kandi yemejwe n’icyemezo cya komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu y’umuryango w’abibumbye 1992/54 yo mu 1992 n’icyemezo rusange cy’Inteko rusange 48/134 yo mu 1993. Amahame ya Paris agaragaza inshingano nyinshi za NHRIs. [52]

Ububasha rusange

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Ububasha rusange ni ihame ritavugwaho rumwe mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, aho ibihugu bisaba ububasha bw’inshinjabyaha ku bantu bakekwaho ibyaha byakorewe hanze y’imbibi z’ubushinjacyaha, hatitawe ku bwenegihugu, igihugu batuyemo cyangwa indi mibanire iyo ari yo yose n’igihugu gikurikirana. Leta ishyigikiye ikirego cyayo hashingiwe ko icyaha cyakozwe gifatwa nk'icyaha kuri bose, igihugu icyo ari cyo cyose cyemerewe guhana. [53] Igitekerezo cyububasha rusange rero gifitanye isano rya bugufi nigitekerezo kivuga ko amahame mpuzamahanga ari erga omnes, cyangwa abereyemo umuryango wisi yose, hamwe nigitekerezo cya jus cogens

Mu 1993, Ububiligi bwatoye "itegeko ry’ububasha rusange" kugira ngo inkiko zazo zibone ububasha ku byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu bindi bihugu. Mu 1998, Augusto Pinochet yafatiwe i Londres nyuma y'ibirego n'umucamanza wo muri Esipanye Baltasar Garzón hashingiwe ku ihame ry'ububasha rusange. [54] Adolf Eichmann wahoze ari umupolisi wungirije w’Abanazi SS yashinjwaga kugenzura iyimurwa ry’Abayahudi mu nkambi z’urupfu rwa jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi na we yatotejwe muri Isiraheli mu 1961. Adolf yari atuye muri Arijantine nyuma y’intambara. [55] Ihame rishyigikiwe na Amnesty International n’indi miryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, bemeza ko ibyaha bimwe na bimwe bibangamira amahanga muri rusange, kandi ko abaturage bafite inshingano zo gukora.

Abandi, kimwe na Henry Kissinger, [56] bavuga ko "amasezerano akwiye avuga ko ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bigomba gukurikiranwa byadindije gutekereza ku ruhare rukwiye rw'inkiko mpuzamahanga. Ububasha bw'isi yose bushobora guteza igitugu ku isi hose - cy'abacamanza". [57]

Reba kandi

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  • Itangazo ry'amahame ku buringanire
  • Uburenganzira ku isi
  • Uburenganzira bwa muntu
  • Amategeko mpuzamahanga
  • Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu
  • Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu
  • Jus gentium
  • Byemewe n'amategeko
  • Amategeko karemano
  • Uburenganzira karemano n'amategeko
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  • Amategeko Ukurikije Amategeko Makuru
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Reba

[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]
  1. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ucrXc2CaHDUC
  2. ↑ Human rights, A very short introduction replace this with a better reference later
  3. ↑ https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and-0
  4. ↑ https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ihl-human-rights-law
  5. ↑ https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ihl-human-rights-law
  6. ↑ https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ihl-human-rights-law
  7. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0922156502000262
  8. ↑ https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and-0
  9. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140337/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html
  10. ↑ Verdross, Alfred; Simma, Bruno (2010) [1984]. "Der völkerrechltiche Schutz von Menschen" [The protection of humans in Public International Law]. Universelles Völkerrecht: Theorie und Praxis [Universal Public International Law] (in Ikidage) (3rd. ed.). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 822. ISBN 978-3-428-13296-6.
  11. ↑ "OHCHR". 30 May 2008. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  12. ↑ "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women". United Nations. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  13. ↑ "OHCHR". 9 March 2008. Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  14. ↑ "Convention on the Rights of the Child". UNICEF. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  15. ↑ "Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities". United Nations. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  16. ↑ African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.
  17. ↑ "Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights". Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  18. ↑ Art. 45.
  19. ↑ "Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights". Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  20. ↑ "Protocol to the African Charter on human and peoples' rights on the establishment of an African court on human and peoples' rights". Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  21. ↑ Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union, Article 2.2.
  22. ↑ "Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union" (PDF). African Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  23. ↑ "Open Letter to the Chairman of the African Union (AU) seeking clarifications and assurances that the Establishment of an effective African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights will not be delayed or undermined" (PDF). Amnesty International. 5 August 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  24. ↑ "African Court of Justice". African International Courts and Tribunals. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  25. ↑ "Human Rights Watch Africa". Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  26. ↑ "OAS Key Issues". Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  27. ↑ "Directory of OAS Authorities". Organization of American States. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  28. ↑ "What is the IACHR?". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  29. ↑ "Inter-American Court on Human Rights homepage". Inter-American Court on Human Rights. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  30. ↑ "Human rights in Venezuela". Amnesty International (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  31. ↑ "Gender and reproductive rights home page". Who.int. Archived from the original on 21 December 2002. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  32. ↑ "Social Charter". Council of Europe. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
  33. ↑ "The Council of Europe in Brief". Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
  34. ↑ Juncker, Jean-Claude (11 April 2006). "Council of Europe – European Union: "A sole ambition for the European Continent"" (PDF). Council of Europe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Historical Background to the European Court of Human Rights". European Court of Human Rights. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
  36. ↑ Article 3 of the Convention.
  37. ↑ European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
  38. ↑ "About the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture". European Committee for the Prevention of Torture. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
  39. ↑ "Historical Background to the European Court of Human Rights". European Court of Human Rights. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
  40. ↑ "Virginia Law". Law.virginia.edu. 24 March 2008. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  41. ↑ BBC article
  42. ↑ "Swiss info article". Swissinfo.ch. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  43. ↑ "The Guardian". TheGuardian.com. UK. 16 July 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  44. ↑ "Breaking news, Ireland". Breakingnews.ie. 23 January 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  45. ↑ "How the Court works". www.icc-cpi.int (in British English). Archived from the original on 15 October 2016. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  46. ↑ The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, "Brief Primer on IHL"
  47. ↑ OHCHR. "Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure". Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  48. ↑ See, REDRESS, Enforcement of Awards for Victims of Torture and Other International Crimes May, 2006
  49. ↑ Inyandikorugero:Usurped is the official portal for the National Human Rights Institutions and show a list of 119 institutions that can be found at [usurped]
  50. ↑ "Chart of the Status of National Institutions" (PDF). National Human Rights Institutions Forum. November 2007. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2008. ACCREDITED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
    In accordance with the Paris Principles and the ICC Sub-Committee Rules of Procedure, the following classifications for accreditation are used by the ICC: A: Compliance with the Paris Principles;
    A(R): Accreditation with reserve – granted where insufficient documentation is submitted to confer A status;
    B: Observer Status – Not fully in compliance with the Paris Principles or insufficient information provided to make a determination;
    C: Non-compliant with the Paris Principles.    {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  51. ↑ HURIDOCS has developed extensive methodologies for monitoring and documenting human rights violations, and more resources can be found at Human Rights Tools Inyandikorugero:Webarchive
  52. ↑ "National Human Rights Institutions – Implementing Human Rights", Executive Director Morten Kjærum, The Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2003. (ISBN 87-90744-72-1), page 6.
  53. ↑ Weiss, Peter (2008). "Universal Jurisdiction: Past, Present and Future". Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting. 102: 406–409. doi:10.1017/S0272503700028032. ISSN 0272-5037. JSTOR 25660324. S2CID 159412931.
  54. ↑ Ball, Gready (2007) p.70
  55. ↑ "Security Council resolution 138: Question relating to the case of Adolf Eichmann". United Nations Security Council. 23 June 1960. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  56. ↑ Kissinger has himself been subject to calls for prosecution under universal jurisdiction. See Hitchens, Christopher, and David Rieff. "." Prospect, 28 June 2001 (accessed 11 June 2013); Hitchens, Christopher. The Trial of Henry Kissinger. London: Verso, 2001.
  57. ↑ Kissinger, Henry (July–August 2001). "The Pitfall of Universal Jurisdiction". Foreign Affairs. 80 (4): 86–96. doi:10.2307/20050228. JSTOR 20050228. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009.
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