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Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga

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Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga [1] ni amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu y’umuryango w’abibumbye agamije kurengera uburenganzira n’icyubahiro by’abafite ubumuga . Abagize aya masezerano basabwa guteza imbere, kurengera, no guharanira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu n’abafite ubumuga no guharanira ko ababana n’ubumuga bafite uburinganire bwuzuye mu mategeko . Aya masezerano ni umusemburo ukomeye mu muryango uharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ku isi hose ufasha guhindura abantu bafite ubumuga nk’ibikorwa by’urukundo, kwivuza no kurengera imibereho yabo babareba nk’abanyamuryango buzuye kandi bangana, bafite uburenganzira bwa muntu. [2] [3] [4] Amasezerano niyo masezerano ya mbere y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yo mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri na rimwe. [5]

Iyi nyandiko yemejwe n'Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye ku ya 13 Ukuboza 2006, [6] [7] ku ya 30 Werurwe 2007. Nyuma yo kwemezwa n’ishyaka rya 20, yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2008. [8] Amasezerano akurikiranwa na komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga aho inama ngarukamwaka z’ibihugu by’ibihugu bigize CRPD zashyizeho umurongo ngenderwaho kuva mu mwaka wa 2008.Iteraniro rya cumi na gatatu ry’ibihugu by’ibihugu byari biteganijwe guhurira i New York muri Kamena 2020, hanyuma ryimurirwa mu buryo bw'agateganyo kugira ngo rihure mu Kuboza 2020 [9] kubera ikibazo cya COVID-19 . [10]

Amateka

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Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga, kimwe n’andi masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, (nk’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki na politiki ndetse n’amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore ) yavuye mu bikorwa by’imyaka myinshi aho amahame y’uburenganzira bw’amatsinda yatangiraga kuva mu cyifuzo kugeza ku masezerano ahuza.

Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje Itangazo ryo mu 1971 ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe [11] hakurikiraho Itangazo ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ku ya 9 Ukuboza 1975. 1981 ni umwaka mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga ; ibisubizo byumwaka ni Gahunda yisi y'ibikorwa yerekeye abamugaye. Umwaka wakurikiwe n'imyaka icumi y'abafite ubumuga, 1983–1992. Mu 1987, inama y’impuguke ku isi yose yo gusuzuma iterambere ryasabye ko Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye igomba gutegura amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye guca ivangura rishingiye ku bumuga. Umushinga w’ibishushanyo mbonera byasabwe n’Ubutaliyani ndetse na Suwede nyuma, ariko nta bwumvikane bwumvikanyweho. Abahagarariye guverinoma benshi bavuze ko inyandiko z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zihagije. Umunsi mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga (3 Ukuboza) watangajwe mu 1992 icyemezo cy’Inteko rusange 47/3. [12] Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje amategeko ngenderwaho adateganijwe ku bijyanye no kunganya amahirwe ku bafite ubumuga ku ya 20 Ukuboza 1993 (umwanzuro 48/96 umugereka). [13] Abasesenguzi benshi bavuze ko inyandiko zabanjirije CRPD ari "yoroshye", bitandukanye n’inshingano z’amasezerano ya CRPD. [14]

Muri Werurwe 2000, abayobozi b'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta itandatu y’abafite ubumuga, hamwe n’imiryango igera ku 20 y’abafite ubumuga bo mu karere ndetse n’igihugu, bemeje "Itangazo rya Beijing ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga mu kinyagihumbi gishya", bahamagarira leta zose gushyigikira Amasezerano. [15] Mu 2001, Inteko rusange, nyuma y’igitekerezo cyatanzwe na Mexico, yashyizeho komite idasanzwe y’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurengera no guteza imbere uburenganzira n’icyubahiro cy’abafite ubumuga kugira ngo asuzume ibyifuzo by’amasezerano yuzuye kandi yuzuye agamije guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira n’icyubahiro by’abafite ubumuga, bishingiye ku buryo bwuzuye. [16] Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga, harimo n’abafite ubumuga mpuzamahanga, ihuriro ry’abakoresha n’abacitse ku icumu bo mu mutwe, ihuriro ry’abacitse ku icumu rya Landmine (ubu ni Corps Survivor Corps ), hamwe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga bagize uruhare mu gutegura. Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abafite ubumuga ryabaye umuhuzabikorwa w’umuryango w’ubumuga mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga, wagize uruhare rugaragara mu gutegura, cyane cyane ushakisha uruhare rw’abafite ubumuga n’imiryango yabo mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa no gukurikirana icyahindutse. [17]

Mu 2001, mu nama ya 56 y’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye, Mexico yatangije imishyikirano, ku nkunga ya GRULAC (itsinda ry’akarere ka Amerika y'Epfo). [18] Igihe inkunga y’amasezerano yatangizwaga mu 2002 kubera abatavuga rumwe na WEOG, Nouvelle-Zélande yagize uruhare runini mu kugera ku ntera y’akarere. Yabaye umuhuza kuva mu 2002 kugeza 2003, Nouvelle-Zélande yaje gufata umwanya wa Perezida wa Komite ya Ad Hoc maze ayobora imishyikirano ku masezerano y’ubwumvikane muri Kanama 2006, akorana cyane n’abandi bagize Komite Yorodani, Kosta Rika, Repubulika ya Ceki, na Afurika yepfo, ndetse na Koreya na Mexico. Ababikurikiranira hafi benshi bagize icyo bavuga ku "myitwarire yo gushaka icyubahiro" ya guverinoma, ibigo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu, n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta . [19]

Amasezerano yabaye kimwe mu bikoresho byihutirwa by’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu mateka, ku nkunga n’imiryango yose yo mu karere. [20] Ibihugu 160 byashyize umukono ku Masezerano amaze gufungura mu 2007 kandi ibihugu 126 byemeje ayo masezerano mu myaka itanu yambere. Mu rwego rwo gushimira uruhare yagize mu gushyiraho ayo masezerano, ndetse n’ubuziranenge bw’ingamba z’igihugu z’ubumuga bw’igihugu cya Nouvelle-Zélande, Guverineri Mukuru wa Nouvelle-Zélande Anand Satyanand yahawe igihembo cy’abafite ubumuga ku isi mu 2008 mu izina ry’igihugu.

Mu mwaka wa 2015, ku nshuro ya mbere mu mateka magufi, Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga yatangije iperereza ku gihugu cyashyizeho umukono kubera kutubahiriza inshingano z’amasezerano. Iperereza ryatewe n'ingingo ya 6 ya protocole itabishaka, iteganya ko iperereza rizakorwa iyo komite imaze kubona "amakuru yizewe agaragaza ihohoterwa rikabije kandi rihamye" ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu bw'abafite ubumuga. Hakozwe iperereza kuri guverinoma y'Ubwongereza, raporo ya nyuma isohoka mu [21] [22]

Amerika ntiyigeze iboneka mu bihugu by’ibihugu byemeje cyangwa byinjiye muri ayo masezerano. Ku butegetsi bwa Barack Obama , Amerika yabaye umukono ku masezerano yo ku [23] Nyakanga 2009. Mu [24], amajwi muri Sena ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yagabanutseho amajwi atandatu ku bwiganze bwa bibiri bya gatatu bisabwa kugira ngo agirwe inama kandi yemererwe kwemezwa. Muri Nyakanga 2014, Komite ishinzwe ububanyi n'amahanga ya Sena yongeye kwemeza icyemezo cyo kugisha inama no kubyemera, [25] [26] cyemezo nticyagejejwe ku majwi ya Sena yuzuye.

Incamake

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Amasezerano akurikiza imigenzo y’amategeko mbonezamubano, abanziriza ijambo, aho havuzwe ihame rivuga ko "uburenganzira bwa muntu ari rusange, butagabanywa, bwuzuzanya kandi bufitanye isano" bw’itangazo rya Vienne na gahunda y'ibikorwa . Ijambo ry'ibanze 25 rivuga mu buryo bweruye iterambere rirambye, avuga ko "ubumuga" ari "igitekerezo kigenda gihinduka" kirimo imikoranire hagati y’ubumuga n’ibidukikije, [27] kandi ivuga akamaro k '"imyumvire y’uburinganire". Ijambo ry'ibanze rikurikirwa n'ingingo 50. Bitandukanye n’amasezerano menshi y’umuryango w’abibumbye, ntabwo agabanijwemo ibice

Ingingo ya 1 isobanura intego y’amasezerano:

guteza imbere, kurengera no guharanira uburenganzira n’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze n’abafite ubumuga bose, no guteza imbere kubahiriza icyubahiro kavukire;

Ingingo ya 2 itanga ibisobanuro byijambo ryibanze mu ngingo za CRPD: itumanaho, (harimo Braille, ururimi rw amarenga, ururimi rworoshye n’itumanaho ritavuzwe ), ivangura rishingiye ku bumuga, icumbi ryuzuye hamwe n’ibishushanyo mbonera .

Ingingo ya 3 isobanura CRPD umunani "amahame rusange" yasobanuwe hepfo, naho ingingo ya 4 isobanura "inshingano rusange z’ababuranyi."

Ingingo ya 5–32 isobanura uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga n’inshingano z’ibihugu by’ibihugu bibareba. Benshi muri ubwo burenganzira bw'indorerwamo bwemejwe mu yandi masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye nk’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki na politiki, Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco n’amasezerano arwanya iyicarubozo, ariko afite inshingano zihariye zemeza ko zishobora kugerwaho byimazeyo n’abafite ubumuga.

Uburenganzira bwihariye muri aya masezerano burimo uburenganzira bwo kugerwaho harimo n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, uburenganzira bwo kubaho mu bwigenge no gushyirwa mu baturage (ingingo ya 19), kugendagenda ku giti cye (ingingo ya 20), gutura no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe (ingingo ya 26), no kugira uruhare mu buzima bwa politiki n’abaturage, ndetse n’ubuzima bw’umuco, imyidagaduro na siporo (ingingo ya 29 na 30).

Byongeye kandi, abari mu Masezerano bagomba gukangurira abantu uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (ingingo ya 8), kandi bakareba niba umuhanda, inyubako, n’amakuru (ingingo ya 9).

Ingingo ya 33–39 zigenga raporo no gukurikirana ayo masezerano n’inzego z’uburenganzira bwa muntu (ingingo ya 33) na komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (ingingo ya 34 kugeza 39).

Ingingo ya 40-50 igenga kwemeza, gutangira gukurikizwa, isano n "imiryango ihuza uturere", kubika, guhindura, no kwamagana ayo masezerano. Ingingo ya 49 isaba ko Amasezerano aboneka mu buryo bworoshye, kandi ingingo ya 50 iteganya ko ayo masezerano "Icyarabu, Igishinwa, Icyongereza, Igifaransa, Ikirusiya n’Icyesipanyoli" ari "ukuri kimwe".

Ingingo z'ingenzi

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N'ubwo Umuryango w’abibumbye wemera "ibihimbano byemewe" nta "burenganzira bushya", [28] ingingo za CRPD zivuga ku burenganzira butandukanye bw’uburenganzira bwa muntu, mu gihe hiyongereyeho inshingano za Leta ivuga ko ibihugu bitanga inkunga ku burenganzira bw’ubwishingizi bishobora gukurikizwa. [29] Abanditsi batandukanye babashyira mu byiciro bitandukanye; iyi nyandiko izasobanura ibyibanze nubukanishi, hanyuma isobanure ibyiciro bitatu hafi ya byose bihwanye nigitekerezo kivuguruzanya cyibisekuru bitatu byuburenganzira bwa muntu .

Hamwe no kwiyongera kwinshi, indorerezi zagize icyo zivuga ku guhuzagurika no gufashanya mu byiciro by’uburenganzira. Mu 1993, Ihuriro ry’isi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ' Itangazo rya Vienne ryateganyaga mu ngingo ya 5 ko kubera ko uburenganzira bwa muntu "bwari rusange, butagabanywa kandi bwuzuzanya kandi bufitanye isano. ... Ibihugu bifite inshingano zo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze. " [30] Gerard Quinn ku kuba CRPD "ifatanya n'uburenganzira bw'abaturage na politiki n'uburenganzira mu by'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco". [31] Ibi bigaragara cyane cyane muri CRPD aho uburenganzira bwa politiki bwabaye impfabusa nta nkunga mbonezamubano nubukungu byuburenganzira bwubukungu n’imibereho ntacyo bivuze nta ruhare.

Ibyingenzi nubukanishi

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Bimwe mu ngingo za mbere za CRPD byagaragaje intego n'ishingiro; nyuma yo gutondekanya uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (mu ncamake mu bice bikurikira), Ingingo zayo zanyuma zerekana urwego inzego zigomba guteza imbere uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga.

Amahame ngenderwaho y’amasezerano

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Hariho amahame umunani ayobora ashingiye ku masezerano, yasobanuwe mu ngingo ya 3:

  1. Kubaha icyubahiro kavukire, ubwigenge bwa buri muntu harimo nubwisanzure bwo kwihitiramo, nubwigenge bwabantu
  2. Kutavangura
  3. Uruhare rwuzuye kandi rwiza no kwinjiza muri societe
  4. Kubaha itandukaniro no kwakira ababana nubumuga mubice bitandukanye byubumuntu
  5. Uburinganire bw'amahirwe
  6. Kuboneka
  7. Uburinganire hagati y'abagabo n'abagore
  8. Kubaha ubushobozi bugenda bwiyongera bwabana bafite ubumuga no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabana bafite ubumuga bwo kubungabunga umwirondoro wabo

Ibisobanuro

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Ingingo ya 2 (Ibisobanuro) ntabwo ikubiyemo ibisobanuro byubumuga. Amasezerano yerekana uburyo bwimibereho yubumuga, ariko ntabwo atanga ibisobanuro byihariye.

Ubumuga

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Ijambo ry'ibanze ry'amasezerano (igice e) risobanura ko Amasezerano yemera:

ko ubumuga ari igitekerezo kigenda gihinduka kandi ko ubumuga buturuka ku mikoranire hagati y’abafite ubumuga n’inzitizi z’ibidukikije ndetse n’ibidukikije bibangamira uruhare rwabo muri sosiyete mu buryo bungana n’abandi.

Ingingo ya mbere (Intego) irongera itanga ko:

Ababana n'ubumuga barimo abafite ubumuga bw'igihe kirekire ku mubiri, mu mutwe, mu bwenge cyangwa mu byumviro bishobora gukorana n'inzitizi zitandukanye bishobora kubabuza uruhare rwabo muri sosiyete mu buryo bungana n'abandi.

Ihame ry "icumbi ryumvikana"
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Amasezerano asobanura " icumbi ryumvikana " nk "" ibikenewe kandi bikwiye guhinduka no gukosorwa bidashyizeho umutwaro utagereranywa cyangwa udakwiriye, aho bikenewe mu rubanza runaka, kugira ngo ababana n’ubumuga bishimire cyangwa bakore ku buryo bungana n’abandi bafite uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze "mu ngingo ya 2 kandi babisaba mu bice byose by’ubuzima harimo n’uburezi burimo abantu bose .

Gukangurira
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Ingingo ya 8 y’aya Masezerano ishimangira ubushake bw’amashyaka mu gukangurira abantu kubahiriza uburenganzira n’icyubahiro mu kurwanya ivangura ry’abafite ubumuga. Amashyaka yiyemeje gukangurira abantu ubumuga muri sosiyete, harimo no ku rwego rw’umuryango, kurwanya imyumvire, urwikekwe n’imikorere mibi yerekeye ababana n’ubumuga, harimo n’iyongera ku gitsina n’ivangura rishingiye ku myaka. Biyemeje ubukangurambaga bugamije gukangurira abaturage guteza imbere imyumvire myiza ku isoko ry'umurimo, itangazamakuru, n'ahandi.

Uburenganzira bw'abaturage na politiki

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CRPD ikubiyemo "ubwisanzure buturuka", bugaragaza ibitekerezo by’ubuntu n’ubumuntu bikubiye mu itangazo ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku burenganzira bwa muntu, Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki, ndetse no mu nyandiko nyinshi z’uburenganzira bw’ibihugu byinshi nk’amategeko y’abanyamerika bafite ubumuga . Muri CRPD, ibihugu bikunze gufata inshingano zo gutanga uburenganzira mubikorwa.

Kuboneka
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Mu ngingo ya 9, Amasezerano ashimangira ko ababana n’ubumuga bagomba kubaho mu bwigenge kandi bakagira uruhare mu mibereho yose. Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, ibihugu by’ibihugu bigomba gufata ingamba zikwiye kugira ngo ababana n’ubumuga babone uburyo bwo kugera, ku bidukikije, ku bwikorezi, ku ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho, ndetse n’ibindi bigo na serivisi bifunguye cyangwa bihabwa abaturage. Kugerwaho birashobora guhurizwa mumatsinda atatu yingenzi:

  1. kuboneka kumubiri
  2. serivisi
  3. uburyo bwo gutumanaho namakuru

Kumenyekana imbere y'amategeko n'ubushobozi bwemewe n'amategeko

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Ingingo ya 12 y’aya Masezerano yemeza ko abantu bose bafite ubumuga bemewe n'amategeko ndetse n’ubushobozi bwemewe n'amategeko . Iteganya ko Amashyaka (Ibihugu n’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi agomba kongera kwemeza ko ababana n’ubumuga bafite uburenganzira bwo kumenyekana ahantu hose nk’umuntu imbere y’amategeko; bemera ko ababana n’ubumuga bafite uburenganzira bw’amategeko ku buryo bungana n’abandi mu nzego zose z’ubuzima; gufata ingamba zikwiye kugira ngo abantu bafite ubumuga babone ubufasha bashobora gusaba mu gukoresha uburenganzira bwabo mu rwego rwo gukumira ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bwa muntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bwa muntu;

Iyi ngingo yabaye ingenzi cyane cyane mumiryango iharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga irwanya imikorere ya leta yo kurera no kurera .

Kugera ku butabera

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Ingingo ya 13 y’aya Masezerano yemeza ko ubutabera bwubahirizwa bw’abafite ubumuga, buvuga ko: Impande z’ibihugu zigomba guharanira ubutabera bw’abafite ubumuga ku buryo bungana n’abandi, harimo no gutanga amacumbi ndetse n’imyaka, kugira ngo byorohereze uruhare rwabo nk'abitabira, harimo n'abatangabuhamya, mu manza zose z’amategeko, harimo no mu iperereza ndetse no mu bindi byiciro bibanza.

Mu rwego rwo gufasha guharanira ubutabera bunoze ku bafite ubumuga, ibihugu by’amashyaka bigomba guteza imbere amahugurwa akwiye ku bakora mu butabera, barimo abapolisi n’abakozi ba gereza. Iyi ngingo hamwe n’ingingo ya 12 yavuzwe na "Igitabo cyerekeye imfungwa zifite ibibazo byihariye" n’ibiro by’umuryango w’abibumbye bishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge n’ibyaha . [32]

Uruhare mubuzima rusange (harimo n'uburenganzira bwo gutora)

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Ingingo ya 29 isaba ko ibihugu byose byagiranye amasezerano birengera "uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga bwo gutora bakoresheje amajwi rwihishwa mu matora na referendumu rusange". Dukurikije iyi ngingo, buri gihugu cyagiranye amasezerano kigomba gutanga ibikoresho byo gutora byafasha abatora bamugaye gutora mu bwigenge kandi rwihishwa. Demokarasi zimwe na zimwe, urugero, Amerika, Ubuyapani, Ubuholandi, Sloweniya, Alubaniya cyangwa Ubuhinde byemerera abatora bamugaye gukoresha imashini zitora za elegitoronike cyangwa imfashanyo za elegitoronike zifasha abatora bafite ubumuga kuzuza impapuro. Mu bandi, muri bo harimo Azerubayijani, Kosovo, Kanada, Gana, Ubwongereza, ndetse n'ibihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika no muri Aziya, abatora bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona barashobora gukoresha amajwi mu nyandikomvugo cyangwa mu mpapuro. Benshi muribi kandi na demokarasi zimwe na zimwe, Chili kurugero, bakoresha ameza ashobora guhinduka kugirango abatora kumuga wibimuga babegere. Demokarasi zimwe zemerera gusa undi muntu gutora abatora batabona cyangwa bamugaye. Gahunda nk'iyi, ntabwo yemeza ibanga ry'itora

Ingingo ya 29 isaba kandi ko ibihugu byagiranye amasezerano byemeza "uburyo bwo gutora, ibikoresho n’ibikoresho bikwiye, byoroshye kandi byoroshye kubyumva no gukoresha". Muri demokarasi zimwe, ni ukuvuga Suwede na Amerika, ahantu hose batora hashobora kuboneka byimazeyo abatora bamugaye.

Uburenganzira mu bukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco

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CRPD ifite "ubwisanzure" bwinshi, yemeza ko ibihugu bizatanga amazu, ibiribwa, akazi, ubuvuzi, ndetse n’ubufasha bwite, bivugwa mu Masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco. Izi ninshingano nziza leta izakora, irenze amasezerano yabanyamerika bafite ubumuga . [33]

Kubaha umuryango
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Ingingo ya 23 y’aya Masezerano ibuza guhagarika abamugaye ku gahato kandi ikanabemerera uburenganzira bwo kurera abana

Uburenganzira bwo kwiga
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Ingingo ya 24 y’amasezerano ivuga ko ababana n’ubumuga bagomba guhabwa uburenganzira bwo kwiga mu nzego zose, hatitawe ku myaka, nta vangura kandi hashingiwe ku mahirwe angana. Irerekana ko abana bafite ubumuga bagomba kubona neza amashuri abanza nayisumbuye ku buntu kandi ku gahato; abantu bakuru bafite ubumuga bafite amahirwe yo kwiga amashuri makuru rusange, amahugurwa yimyuga, amashuri akuze no kwiga ubuzima bwabo bwose ; n'ibindi.

Amashyaka agomba gufata ingamba zikwiye, nka: kwemeza imyigire ya Braille, iyindi nyandiko, uburyo bwo kongera ubundi buryo, uburyo nuburyo bwo gutumanaho no kwerekana icyerekezo, hamwe no korohereza urungano no gutanga inama; gushyigikira kwiga ururimi rw'amarenga no guteza imbere indimi z'umuryango w'abatumva; guharanira ko uburezi bwabantu, cyane cyane abana, impumyi na / cyangwa ibipfamatwi, butangwa mu ndimi zikwiye n’uburyo bwo gutumanaho ku muntu; no gukoresha abarimu, harimo abarimu bafite ubumuga, bafite ubumenyi mu rurimi rw'amarenga na / cyangwa mu nyandiko ya Braille, no guhugura inzobere mu burezi n'abakozi ku bijyanye n'ubukangurambaga ku bumuga, gukoresha uburyo bwiyongera n'ubundi buryo bw'itumanaho, n'ubuhanga bwo kwigisha n'ibikoresho byo gufasha ababana n'ubumuga.

Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga 'Igitekerezo rusange cya 4, cyemejwe muri Kanama 2016, [34] yashimangiye akamaro ko kwigisha abantu bose kandi yamagana uburezi butandukanye. Iki gitekerezo cyarwanyijwe n’imiryango irimo Umuryango w’abatabona ku isi ndetse n’ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva ku isi ryananiwe kuvuga ko "bidasanzwe" kugira ngo bamenye akamaro k’uburenganzira bw’umuco n’indimi. [35]

Uburenganzira ku buzima

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Ingingo ya 25 isobanura ko "ababana n'ubumuga bafite uburenganzira bwo kwishimira ubuzima bwiza bugerwaho kandi nta vangura rishingiye ku bumuga". [36]

Gutuza no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe

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o ya 26 y’aya Masezerano yemeza ko "Ibihugu by’ibihugu bizafata ingamba zifatika kandi zikwiye, harimo n’urungano rw’urungano, kugira ngo ababana n’ubumuga bagere kandi bakomeze ubwigenge buhebuje, ubushobozi bw’umubiri, ubw'ibitekerezo, imibereho myiza n’imyuga, no kwinjiza no kugira uruhare mu mibereho yose y’ubuzima. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, ibihugu by’ibihugu bizategura, gushimangira no kwagura serivisi zita ku buzima busanzwe, mu buzima ndetse no mu bikorwa by’ubuzima, uburezi, uburezi ndetse n’uburezi, cyane cyane mu nzego z’ubuzima, umurimo, uburezi, uburezi, uburezi ndetse n’uburezi; icyiciro, gishingiye ku isuzuma rinyuranye ryerekana ibyo umuntu akeneye n'imbaraga bye kandi ashyigikira uruhare no kwinjizwa mu baturage no mu bice byose bigize sosiyete, ku bushake, kandi birashoboka ku bafite ubumuga hafi yabo hashoboka aho batuye, harimo no mu cyaro. " [37]

Amashyaka yiyemeje guteza imbere iterambere ry’amahugurwa abanza kandi akomeje ku banyamwuga n’abakozi bakora muri serivisi zita ku buzima no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe kimwe no kuboneka, ubumenyi no gukoresha ibikoresho bifasha n’ikoranabuhanga bifasha, bigenewe ababana n’ubumuga, kuko bijyanye no gutura no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe.

Akazi n'akazi
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Ingingo ya 27 isaba ko ibihugu by’ibihugu byemera uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga gukora, hashingiwe ku bandi; ibi bikubiyemo uburenganzira bwamahirwe yo kwibeshaho kumurimo watoranijwe kubuntu cyangwa kwemerwa kumasoko yumurimo hamwe nakazi keza kafunguye, karimo kandi korohereza ababana nubumuga. Iyi ngingo itegeka ibihugu by’ibihugu kurinda no guteza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uburenganzira ku murimo, harimo n’abafite ubumuga mu gihe cy’akazi, bafata ingamba zikwiye, harimo binyuze mu mategeko, kubuza ivangura rishingiye ku bumuga ku bijyanye n’ibibazo byose bijyanye n’imirimo yose, gukomeza akazi, iterambere ry’akazi ndetse n’akazi keza kandi keza; no kurengera uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga, ku buryo bungana n’abandi, ku mibereho myiza kandi myiza y’akazi, harimo amahirwe angana no guhembwa kimwe ku kazi gafite agaciro kangana, akazi keza kandi keza, harimo no gukorerwa ihohoterwa, no gukemura ibibazo ; [38]

yaka yemeye kwemeza ko ababana n’ubumuga bashoboye gukoresha uburenganzira bwabo bw’abakozi n’abakozi ku buryo bungana n’abandi; gushoboza ababana n'ubumuga kubona neza gahunda rusange yubuyobozi bwa tekiniki n’imyuga, serivisi zita ku myanya n’amahugurwa y’imyuga no gukomeza; guteza imbere amahirwe yo kubona akazi no guteza imbere umwuga ku bafite ubumuga ku isoko ry'umurimo, ndetse no gufasha mu gushaka, kubona, kubungabunga no gusubira ku kazi; no guteza imbere amahirwe yo kwihangira imirimo, kwihangira imirimo, guteza imbere amakoperative no gutangiza umushinga wawe bwite, kubona uburambe ku kazi, gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe imyuga n’umwuga, kugumana akazi na gahunda yo gusubira ku kazi ku bafite ubumuga. [39]

Ababuranyi biyemeje ko amacumbi yuzuye ahabwa ababana n’ubumuga ku kazi kandi ko ababana n’ubumuga badafunzwe mu bucakara cyangwa mu bucakara, kandi bakarindwa, ku buryo bungana n’abandi, ku mirimo y'agahato cyangwa ku gahato . [40]

Imibereho ihagije yo kurengera no kurengera imibereho

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Ingingo ya 28 isaba ko ibihugu by’ibihugu byemera uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ku mibereho ihagije y’imibereho yabo ndetse n’imiryango yabo, harimo ibiribwa bihagije, imyambaro n’amazu, ndetse no kurushaho kunoza imibereho, kandi igafata ingamba zikwiye zo kurinda no guteza imbere ubwo burenganzira nta vangura rishingiye ku bumuga. [41]

Ibihugu bigize ibihugu byemera uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga bwo kurengera imibereho no kubahiriza ubwo burenganzira nta vangura rishingiye ku bumuga, kandi bugafata ingamba zikwiye zo kubungabunga no guteza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uburenganzira, harimo n’ingamba; kuri gahunda zo kurengera imibereho na gahunda zo kugabanya ubukene (cyane cyane ku bagore n’abakobwa bafite ubumuga n’abasaza bafite ubumuga); [42]

By'umwihariko, amashyaka agomba kwemeza ko ababana n'ubumuga bagera kuri serivisi z’amazi meza, kandi bakareba serivisi zikwiye kandi zihendutse, ibikoresho n’ubundi bufasha mu bijyanye n’ubumuga; kugera ku bafite ubumuga n'imiryango yabo ibaye mu bihe by'ubukene kugira ngo bafashe Leta ifite amafaranga ajyanye n'ubumuga, harimo amahugurwa ahagije, ubujyanama, ubufasha bw'amafaranga no kwita ku buruhukiro; kubona gahunda zimiturire rusange, inyungu zizabukuru nibindi byinshi. [43]

Kubaho byigenga, ubufatanye mpuzamahanga no gushyira mu bikorwa igihugu, ubunyangamugayo, kurinda ibiza

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Ibice bimwe bya CRPD byerekana "igisekuru cya gatatu" uburenganzira bwa muntu, rimwe na rimwe bisobanurwa nkuburenganzira bushya, "ubwisanzure hamwe", uburenganzira bw’ubufatanye, cyangwa uburenganzira bwitsinda. Bagaragaza ko uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga buzakenera kuvangwa n’abafite ubumuga, ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, no gushyira mu bikorwa igihugu.

Ibihe byugarije ibihe byihutirwa
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Ingingo ya 11 y’aya Masezerano yemeza ko ibihugu by’ibihugu bizafata, hakurikijwe inshingano zabyo mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, harimo amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu n’amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ingamba zose zikenewe mu rwego rwo kurinda umutekano n’umutekano w’abafite ubumuga mu bihe by’amakimbirane yitwaje intwaro, ibibazo byihutirwa by’ikiremwamuntu ndetse n’ibiza byibasiwe n’ibiza . [44]

Kubaho wigenga

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Ingingo ya 19 ya CRPD, " Kubaho mu bwigenge no gushyirwa mu baturage", ifitanye isano rya bugufi n'ingingo ya 3 (Amahame rusange) n'ingingo ya 4 (Inshingano rusange). [45] Nkuko rimwe na rimwe byagaragajwe muri Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga 'Gusoza Indorerezi kuri raporo z’ababuranyi buri gihe cyangwa mu gitekerezo rusange cyatanzwe na komite, ubumuga bitewe n’imiterere yarwo burimo kwuzuzanya, ariko ibihugu birashobora gushishikariza cyangwa guca intege ubwigenge bw’abafite ubumuga n’imiryango y’abafite ubumuga. [46]

Ubufatanye mpuzamahanga no gushyira mu bikorwa igihugu

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Ingingo ya 32 ya CRPD ivuga ku bufatanye n’amahanga, naho ingingo ya 33 ivuga ku ngorabahizi zishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’igihugu kugira ngo byoroherezwe n’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga.

By'umwihariko, ingingo ya 32 iteganya ko "Ibihugu bigize ibihugu byemera akamaro k'ubufatanye mpuzamahanga ... kandi izakora ibikwiye kandi byiza ... ku bufatanye n’imiryango mpuzamahanga ndetse n’akarere bireba ndetse n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, cyane cyane imiryango y’abafite [47] [48]

Uburenganzira n’ubumuga byombi biterwa nubwitabire bwa rubanda, ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, no gushyira mubikorwa igihugu. Nkuko bigaragara mu ngingo ya 33 ya CRPD, amashyaka agomba kugira uruhare muri sosiyete sivile, kandi yashyizeho " ingingo yibanze ", akenshi mubikorwa inzego zigihugu zita ku burenganzira bwa muntu . [49]

Kubitsa

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Amashyaka menshi yagiye yanga kandi asobanura ibisobanuro cyangwa itangazo ryerekeye gushyira mu bikorwa ayo masezerano. [50] Izi ni zimwe mu ngero:

Australiya ntishobora kubona ko ihagaritse kuvura ku gahato abiyita abarwayi bo mu mutwe igihe ifatwa nk'uburyo bwa nyuma. [51]

El Salvador yemera ayo masezerano ku buryo ihuje n'itegeko nshinga ryayo. [52]

Ubufaransa ntibubona ko ayo masezerano yubahirizwa n'amategeko. [53]

Ubuyapani buratangaza ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 23 y’amasezerano cyasobanuwe kudakurikizwa mu gihe umwana yatandukanijwe n’ababyeyi be biturutse ku koherezwa hakurikijwe amategeko y’abinjira .

Malta isobanura uburenganzira ku buzima mu ngingo ya 25 y’amasezerano ko bidasobanura uburenganzira ubwo ari bwo bwose bwo gukuramo inda . Ifite kandi uburenganzira bwo gukomeza gukurikiza amategeko yayo y’amatora yerekeye kugerwaho no gufashwa. [54]

Ibirwa bya Maurice ntibifata ko bigomba kubahirizwa n'ingingo ya 11 yo gufata ingamba zose za ngombwa zo kurinda ababana n'ubumuga mu gihe cy'impanuka kamere, amakimbirane yitwaje intwaro cyangwa ibyihutirwa by’ubutabazi, keretse byemewe n'amategeko yo mu gihugu. [55]

Ubuholandi busobanura uburenganzira bwo kubaho mu ngingo ya 10 mu rwego rw’amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu. Irasobanura kandi ingingo ya 25 (f), ibuza kwanga ivangura ivangura, nko kwemerera umuntu kwanga kwivuza, harimo ibiryo cyangwa amazi. [56]

Polonye isobanura ingingo ya 23 n'iya 25 ko zidafite uburenganzira bwo gukuramo inda. [57]

Ubwongereza bufite ubushake bujyanye n'uburenganzira bwo kwiga, abinjira n'abasohoka, serivisi mu gisirikare ndetse no mu mategeko agenga ubwiteganyirize. [58]

Mu yandi mashyaka yiyemeje kubyemera, kubyumva, cyangwa gutangaza ko byemejwe cyangwa kwinjira harimo Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Azerubayijani, Kanada, Kupuro, Misiri, Irani, Repubulika y’Abarabu ya Siriya, Venezuwela, n’abandi benshi. Guhera ku ya 16 Kanama 2020, amashyaka 22 yari yatanze inzitizi zemewe n’andi mashyaka yanga, ibyo yumva, cyangwa imenyeka[59]nisha.

Porotokole idahitamo

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Amasezerano atemewe ku masezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ni amasezerano y’amasezerano yemerera abayagiranye kumenya ubushobozi bwa Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga gusuzuma ibibazo by’abantu ku giti cyabo. [60] Inyandiko ishingiye cyane ku masezerano atemewe y’amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore

Porotokole idahwitse yatangiye gukurikizwa n’amasezerano yo ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2008. [61] Guhera mu Kwakira 2023, ifite abasinya 94 n’amashyaka 105. [62]

Icyiciro cya mbere ni Komite ishinzwe kwemeza ikirego. CRPD isaba "umunaniro wimiti yo murugo" (Ingingo ya 2 ya Protokole itabishaka). Komisiyo irashobora kandi gutegeka itumanaho ritemewe iyo ritazwi cyangwa ridafite ishingiro bihagije. Usaba arashobora gutanga ibimenyetso bifatika bivura imiti yo murugo byakongerwa bidafite ishingiro cyangwa bidashoboka

Amasezerano atemewe ku masezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ni amasezerano y’amasezerano yemerera abayagiranye kumenya ubushobozi bwa Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga gusuzuma ibibazo by’abantu ku giti cyabo. [63] Inyandiko ishingiye cyane ku masezerano atemewe y’amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore .

Porotokole idahwitse yatangiye gukurikizwa n’amasezerano yo ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2008. [64] Guhera mu Kwakira 2023, ifite abasinya 94 n’amashyaka 105. [65]

Icyiciro cya mbere ni Komite ishinzwe kwemeza ikirego. CRPD isaba "umunaniro wimiti yo murugo" (Ingingo ya 2 ya Protokole itabishaka). Komisiyo irashobora kandi gutegeka itumanaho ritemewe iyo ritazwi cyangwa ridafite ishingiro bihagije. Usaba arashobora gutanga ibimenyetso bifatika bivura imiti yo murugo byakongerwa bidafite ishingiro cyangwa bidashoboka. [66]

Ibiro by’Umuryango w’abibumbye bya Komiseri Mukuru w’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu bikomeza kwandika ibirego byose ku giti cye byatanzwe hakurikijwe amasezerano abishaka. [67] Benshi mu itumanaho ryemejwe ko ryemewe byavuyemo ibitekerezo byatanzwe n'ababunganira n'abasesenguzi ba leta.

Umuryango w’abafite ubumuga, Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga, uvuga muri make kandi ugasobanura buri rubanza (imanza 37 guhera ku ya 30 Nyakanga 2020). [68] Abantu baturutse muri Ositaraliya, Tanzaniya, Ubwongereza, Mexico, Lituwaniya, Ubudage, Espagne, Suwede, Otirishiya, Ubutaliyani, Burezili, Arijantine, Hongiriya, Ubugereki, na uquateur bazanye ibirego bya mbere. Itumanaho rimwe ryasuzumwe na komite ni X na Tanzaniya. Harimo umuntu ufite albinism yaciwe ukuboko. Kunanirwa kwa leta, kweretse komite, kwananiwe gukora iperereza cyangwa gukurikirana.[69]

Andi makuru y’itumanaho CRPD yerekeranye n’abaturage batuye muri Ositaraliya yari yarashyizweho n’inzego, Umunyalituwaniya kugira ubutabera nyuma y’impanuka yo mu muhanda, umunya Ositaraliya utumva kubona ubutabera, umunya Otirishiya kubona amakuru akenewe kugira ngo akoreshe ubwikorezi rusange, n’akazi mu Butaliyani, Burezili, n'ahandi. [70]

Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga

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Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ni urwego rw’inzobere mu bijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu zishinzwe gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano. Nimwe mu nzego icumi z’amasezerano zishyigikiwe n’ibiro by’umuryango w’abibumbye bishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu i Geneve. Mu ikubitiro yari igizwe n’inzobere 12 zigenga z’uburenganzira bwa muntu, kimwe cya kabiri cyatowe manda y’imyaka ibiri naho ikindi gitorwa manda y’imyaka ine. [71] Nyuma y’abanyamuryango batowe manda yimyaka ine, kimwe cya kabiri cyabanyamuryango batorwa buri myaka ibiri. Kubera ko ayo masezerano amaze kwemezwa 80, komite yaguwe ku banyamuryango 18 mu [71]

Impuguke guhera ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2020, gukora kugeza mu mpera za 2020 cyangwa 2022 ni: [72]

Izina Leta Igihe kirangiye [73]
Rosa Idaliya Aldana Salguero 2024
Danlami Umaru Basharu 2022
Soumia Amrani 2024
Gerel Dondovdorj 2024
Vivian Fernández 2024
Mara Cristina GABRILLI 2022
Amalia Gamio Ríos - Umuyobozi wungirije 2022
Odelia Fitoussi - Raporo 2024
Mara Gabrilli 2024
Rosemary Kayess - Umuyobozi 2022
Miyeon Kim 2022
Samuel Njuguna Kabue 2024
Robert Martin 2024
Floyd Morris 2024
Saowalak Thongkuay 2024
Jonas Ruskus - Umuyobozi wungirije 2022

bitekerezo Rusange byatanzwe na Komite hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri buri raporo ya Leta kuri Komite bigaragaza aho amasezerano y’ubwumvikane n’ubwumvikane buke hagati y’impuguke cumi n'umunani, urugero nko muri Rusange Rusange ku burezi burimo abantu bose no ku mibereho yigenga. [ ibisobanuro bikenewe ] [74] [75] Mu gihe gito, komite yatanze ibisobanuro birindwi rusange [76] as of 19 Kanama 2020 , hamwe n’ibirenga ijana Kurangiza Indorerezi kuri raporo za leta.

Kunegura hamwe na caveats

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Amasezerano na komite byatewe inkunga n’ibihugu n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, ariko bamwe banenga. By'umwihariko muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, abasenateri bakomeye bo muri Repubulika n’imiryango iharanira inyungu nk’ishyirahamwe ry’amategeko arengera amategeko yo mu rugo bavuga ko CRPD yangiza ubusugire.[77] Ibyo birego bivuguruzanya n'abunganira abize n'abashakashatsi.[78]

Ku rundi ruhande, intiti nyinshi z’ubushakashatsi bw’abafite ubumuga zavuze ko CRPD idashoboka guteza imbere ubwoko bw’impinduka zikenewe mu guteza imbere uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga hagamijwe gukemura ubusumbane. [79] Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza kandi ko abantu bose bagize umuryango w’abafite ubumuga bumva ko CRPD yabaye igikoresho cy’ingirakamaro mu buvugizi: abavugizi n’abarwanashyaka bo mu nzego z’ibanze mu Bwongereza ndetse no muri Hongiriya bavuze ko batabonye CRPD n’andi mategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu agira ingaruka mu buvugizi bwa buri munsi kandi ko badakunda gukoresha ayo mategeko, kuko badakunze gukora mu bikorwa. Amatora yo mu 2016 muri komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga yatumye hatorwa umunyamuryango umwe w’umugore n’abagabo 17, [ [80] [81] mu matora yo mu 2018. Ibi byabaye nubwo CRPD yahamagaye mu ngingo ya 34 kugira ngo hasuzumwe "uburinganire bw’umugabo n'umugore" muri komite. [82]

Ubufatanye bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ku burenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga

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Ubufatanye bw’umuryango w’abibumbye ku burenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (UNPRPD) ni ubufatanye bwashinzwe mu 2011, hagati y’imiryango myinshi y’umuryango w’abibumbye n’indi miryango. Ubufatanye bugamije kongera imbaraga mu bikorwa by’akazi n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo mu kwinjiza ubumuga bijyanye na CRPD.

Inzego z'umuryango w'abibumbye zitabira UNPRPD ni ILO, ITU, OHCHR, UNDESA, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UN UN Women na OMS . Abandi banyamuryango ba UNPRPD barimo Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abafite ubumuga n’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga n’iterambere . [83]

Reba kandi

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  • Amategeko y'Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga
  • Gutezimbere no guhanahana amakuru
  • Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga
  • Ibendera ry'ubumuga
  • Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abafite ubumuga n’iterambere
  • Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abafite ubumuga
  • Amasezerano hagati y’Abanyamerika yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa ababana n’ubumuga
  • Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu
  • Inzego z'igihugu zita ku burenganzira bwa muntu
  • Nta kintu na kimwe kuri twe tutari kumwe
  • Amahame yo kurinda abantu bafite uburwayi bwo mumutwe
  • Urugendo rwo kurokoka mu mutwe
  • Amacumbi ashyize mu gaciro
  • Igishushanyo mbonera
  • Raporo yisi ku bumuga

Inyandiko

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Manda zose zirangira ku ya 31 Ukuboza umwaka werekanye. "Amatora 2012 (Umuryango w'Abibumbye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu)". Umuryango w’abibumbye. 14 Nzeri 2012.

  1. ↑ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, UN
  2. ↑ Pyaneandee, Coomara (2019). International Disability Law. London: Routledge. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-1-138-59347-3.
  3. ↑ Bantekas, Ilias; Stein, Michael Ashley; Anastasiou, Dēmētrēs, eds. (20 September 2018). The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, a commentary (First ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-881066-7. OCLC 1041925625.
  4. ↑ Adlakha, Roopali; Guha, Shouvik Kumar (2011). "Protecting the Disabled Persons under the Human Rights Regime - The Shift from Welfare to Rights". Journal of Indian Law & Society. 3: 67 – via Hein.
  5. ↑ Inyandikorugero:Cite press release
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  8. ↑ "UN Treaty Collection: parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: List of parties". United Nations. 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  9. ↑ "Conference of States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  10. ↑ "Communication to Member States and other Stakeholders from the Secretariat of the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Postponement of the thirteenth session of the Conference due to the worldwide outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic to Member States and other stakeholders" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  11. ↑ "Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons". OHCHR (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  12. ↑ Barnes, Colin; Mercer, Geof (2003). Disability. Cambridge, UK: Polity. p. 145. ISBN 0-7456-2509-6.
  13. ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. "Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities". United Nations. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  14. ↑ Heyer, Katharina (2015). Rights Enabled: The Disability Revolution, from the US, to Germany and Japan, to the United Nations. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-472-05247-9.
  15. ↑ Secretariat for the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (23 January 2018). "The United Nations and Disability: 70 years of the work towards a more inclusive world" (PDF). UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Social Policy and Development. p. 13. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  16. ↑ O'Reilly, A. (2003) A UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: The Next Steps Inyandikorugero:Webarchive Paper presented at the General Assembly Meeting of Rehabilitation International Arab Region, 8–9 March 2003, Kingdom of Bahrain.
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  18. ↑ "The United Nations and Disability: 70 Years of the Work Towards a More Inclusive World" (PDF). January 2018.
  19. ↑ Herro, Annie (2019-04-25). "The Pre-negotiation of UN Human Rights Treaties: The Case of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". International Negotiation (in Icyongereza). 24 (2): 240–265. doi:10.1163/15718069-24021174. ISSN 1571-8069. S2CID 182261242.
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  25. ↑ U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee (22 July 2014). "Resolution of Advice and Consent to Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities" (PDF). U.S. Senate. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  26. ↑ Helderman, Rosalind S. (4 December 2012). "Senate rejects treaty to protect disabled around the world". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
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  28. ↑ Series, Lucy (2019-10-21), Watson, Nick; Vehmas, Simo (eds.), "Disability and human rights" (PDF), Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies (in Icyongereza) (2 ed.), New York: Routledge, pp. 72–88, doi:10.4324/9780429430817-6, ISBN 978-0-429-43081-7, PMID 32543798, S2CID 211345976
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  31. ↑ Quinn, Gerard, and Anna Arstein-Kerslake. "Restoring the 'Human' in 'Human Rights': Personhood and Doctrinal Innovation in the UN Disability Convention". The Cambridge Companion to Human Rights Law, edited by Conor Gearty and Costas Douzinas, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012, pp. 36–55. Cambridge Companions to Law. pp. 52.
  32. ↑ Atabay, Tomris (2009). Handbook on prisoners with special needs. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. New York: United Nations. ISBN 978-1-4416-2152-8. OCLC 437313959.
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  34. ↑ "Treaty bodies Download". tbinternet.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2020-08-30.
  35. ↑ Murray, Joseph J.; Snoddon, Kristin; De Meulder, Maartje; Underwood, Kathryn (2020-06-06). "Intersectional inclusion for deaf learners: moving beyond General Comment no. 4 on Article 24 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". International Journal of Inclusive Education (in Icyongereza). 24 (7): 691–705. doi:10.1080/13603116.2018.1482013. ISSN 1360-3116. S2CID 150305740.
  36. ↑ "Article 25 – Health | United Nations Enable". www.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  37. ↑ "Article 26 – Habilitation and rehabilitation | United Nations Enable". www.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  38. ↑ "Article 27 – Work and employment | United Nations Enable". www.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
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  41. ↑ "Article 28 - Adequate standard of living and social protection | United Nations Enable". www.un.org. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  42. ↑ "Article 28 - Adequate standard of living and social protection | United Nations Enable". www.un.org. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  43. ↑ "Article 28 - Adequate standard of living and social protection | United Nations Enable". www.un.org. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  44. ↑ "Article 11 – Situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies | United Nations Enable". www.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
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  49. ↑ Mertus, Julie (2009). Human rights matters: local politics and national human rights institutions. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-6093-5. OCLC 236143220.
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